chapter5-9

Question 1

: techniques and strategies employed for preventing deviant human behavior in society

Answer 1

social control

Question 2

: Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm

Answer 2

sanctions

Question 3

used casually to enforce norms

Answer 3

Informal social control

Question 4

carried out by authorized agents

Answer 4

Formal social control

Question 5

behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

Answer 5

Deviance

Question 6

labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups
People need not be guilty of a crime to be stigmatized

Answer 6

stigma

Question 7

conduct violating law & subject to punishment

Answer 7

crime

Question 8

Functionalist perspective

Answer 8

Crime reflects the values, beliefs, and opinions of society
Law defines crime
Agreement exists on outlawed behavior
Laws apply to all citizens equally

Question 9

: one learns criminal behavior by interacting with others

Answer 9

Cultural transmission

Question 10

process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules

Answer 10

differential association

Question 11

criminal victimization increases when motivated offenders and suitable targets converge

Answer 11

routine activities theory

Question 12

attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants, while others are more favorable

Answer 12

labeling theory

Question 13

: the response to an act, not the behavior, determines deviance

Answer 13

Societal-reaction approach

Question 14

: deviance is product of culture we live in

Answer 14

Social constructionist perspective

Question 15

Society is a collection of diverse groups in constant conflict

Answer 15

conflict view

Question 16

differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups

Answer 16

differntial justice

Question 17

Most existing approaches to deviance and crime developed with only men in mind

Answer 17

feminist perspective

Question 18

: violation of criminal law, for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties

Answer 18

crime

Question 19

willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services

Answer 19

Victimless crime

Question 20

group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities

Answer 20

organized crime

Question 21

: illegal acts committed in the course of business activities, often by affluent “respectable” people

Answer 21

White collar crime

Question 22

Trying to overthrow government

Question 23

frame work of societal institutions and social practices that make up a society and organize and limit peoples behavior

Answer 23

social structure

Question 24

what are the four elements of social structure?

Answer 24

status, roles, groups, and social institutions

Question 25

social position based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender

Answer 25

ascribed status

Question 26

social position that a person assumes as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort

Answer 26

achieved status

Question 27

the dynamic aspect of a status/ behavioral expectations associated with a given status

Answer 27

role

Question 28

family, close friends, school or work-related peer groups

Answer 28

primary group

Question 29

schools, churches, corporations

Answer 29

secondary group

Question 30

is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals

Answer 30

formal organization

Question 31

what is the process by which societys change over time?

Answer 31

sociocultural evolution

Question 32

what are the 5 types of society’s based on technology

Answer 32

hunter/ gatherer, horticultural/ pastoral, agrarian, industrial, and postindustrial

Question 33

Society emerges from the countless interactions that occur every day between individuals

Answer 33

symbolic interactionism perspective

Question 34

a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true

Answer 34

self fulfilling prophecy

Question 35

The study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves

Answer 35

Garfinkels Ethnomethodology

Question 36

Daily interactions are similar to dramatic productions

Answer 36

Goffman’s Dramaturgical Approach

Question 37

how are social groups and organizations distinguished from each other?

Answer 37

aggregates and categories

Question 38

happen to be in the same place at the same time

Answer 38

aggregate

Question 39

share similar characteristics

Answer 39

category

Question 40

Influences a person’s behavior and attitudes, regardless of whether they are a member

Answer 40

refernce group

Question 41

is most appropriate when the group’s purpose is to complete a task or reach a particular goal

Answer 41

instrumental leadership

Question 42

most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues, and harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed

Answer 42

expressive leadership

Question 43

• do not provide active leadership

Answer 43

Laissez-faire leaders

Question 44

The process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is wrong

Answer 44

group think

Question 45

who said Bureaucracy is the most rational and efficient means of attaining organizational goals

Answer 45

Max Weber

Question 46

what is the most organizational form?

Answer 46

Bureaucracies