chapter5-9 Flashcards
: techniques and strategies employed for preventing deviant human behavior in society
social control
: Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm
sanctions
used casually to enforce norms
Informal social control
carried out by authorized agents
Formal social control
behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society
Deviance
labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups
People need not be guilty of a crime to be stigmatized
stigma
conduct violating law & subject to punishment
crime
Functionalist perspective
Crime reflects the values, beliefs, and opinions of society
Law defines crime
Agreement exists on outlawed behavior
Laws apply to all citizens equally
: one learns criminal behavior by interacting with others
Cultural transmission
process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules
differential association
criminal victimization increases when motivated offenders and suitable targets converge
routine activities theory
attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants, while others are more favorable
labeling theory
: the response to an act, not the behavior, determines deviance
Societal-reaction approach
: deviance is product of culture we live in
Social constructionist perspective
Society is a collection of diverse groups in constant conflict
conflict view
differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups
differntial justice
Most existing approaches to deviance and crime developed with only men in mind
feminist perspective
: violation of criminal law, for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties
crime
willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services
Victimless crime
group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities
organized crime
: illegal acts committed in the course of business activities, often by affluent “respectable” people
White collar crime
Trying to overthrow government
frame work of societal institutions and social practices that make up a society and organize and limit peoples behavior
social structure
what are the four elements of social structure?
status, roles, groups, and social institutions
social position based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender
ascribed status
social position that a person assumes as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort
achieved status
the dynamic aspect of a status/ behavioral expectations associated with a given status
role
family, close friends, school or work-related peer groups
primary group
schools, churches, corporations
secondary group
is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals
formal organization
what is the process by which societys change over time?
sociocultural evolution
what are the 5 types of society’s based on technology
hunter/ gatherer, horticultural/ pastoral, agrarian, industrial, and postindustrial
Society emerges from the countless interactions that occur every day between individuals
symbolic interactionism perspective
a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true
self fulfilling prophecy
The study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves
Garfinkels Ethnomethodology
Daily interactions are similar to dramatic productions
Goffman’s Dramaturgical Approach
how are social groups and organizations distinguished from each other?
aggregates and categories
happen to be in the same place at the same time
aggregate
share similar characteristics
category
Influences a person’s behavior and attitudes, regardless of whether they are a member
refernce group
is most appropriate when the group’s purpose is to complete a task or reach a particular goal
instrumental leadership
most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues, and harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed
expressive leadership
- do not provide active leadership
Laissez-faire leaders
The process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is wrong
group think
who said Bureaucracy is the most rational and efficient means of attaining organizational goals
Max Weber
what is the most organizational form?
Bureaucracies
