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chapter32 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the features of all animals?

A

Heterotrophy, multicellularity, no cell walls

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2
Q

What are most animals capable of?

A

The ability to actively move, sexual reproduction, specialized tissues (muscle and nerve cells)

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3
Q

What are the five key innovations in animal evolution?

A

Symmetry, tissues with specialized structures/functions, body cavity, patterns of embryonic development, segmentation (repeated body units)

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4
Q

Are sponges symmetrical?

A

No, they are asymmetrical

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5
Q

What is radial symmetry?

A

When many lines of symmetry all go through a central point

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6
Q

What is bilateral symmetry?

A

Body divides equally along one plane

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7
Q

What is the advantage of bilateral symmetry?

A

Move in a constant direction (head end leading), associated with brain sensory structures like eyes and ears (cephalization)

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8
Q

What allowed for the specialized structures and functions?

A

The evolution of tissues

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9
Q

What does it mean when a zygote is totipotent?

A

They are stem cells and can give rise to any and all cells of an animal’s body

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10
Q

When do cells specialize?

A

During embryonic development

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11
Q

Is specialization reversible?

A

It is irreversible in all animals except sponges

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12
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth between the divisions

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13
Q

What is a blastula?

A

Hollow ball of cells produced by cleavage; cavity inside is the blastocoel

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14
Q

What is the definition of gastrula?

A

Formed from the blastula when one end of the embryo folds inward, expands and fills blastocoel

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15
Q

What is the definition of archenteron?

A

It’s the pouch inside the gastrula; opens to the outside by the blastopore

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16
Q

What makes a body cavity possible?

A

The development of advanced organ systems

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17
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

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18
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

Gives rise to the outer covering of the body and nervous system

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19
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

Gives rise to the digestive system which includes intestines and organs (liver, lungs)

20
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

It is the middle layer that gives rise to the skeleton and muscles

21
Q

What are animals that have all three germ layers called?

A

They are triploblastic, members of the bilateria

22
Q

How many layers do cnidarians have?

A

They only have two (ectoderm and endoderm)

23
Q

What does it mean when cnidarians are diploblastic?

A

They have no organs

24
Q

What are the three body plans for bilaterally symmetrical animals?

A

Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate

25
Q

What does acoelomate mean and give an example?

A

The animal has no body cavity between the digestive tract and muscle layer (flatworms)

26
Q

What does pseudocoelomate mean and give an example?

A

The animal has a body cavity that develops between mesoderm and endoderm (roundworms)

27
Q

What does coelomate mean and give an example?

A

The animal’s body cavity develops entirely within the mesoderm (annelids)

28
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

Functions to carry nutrients and oxygen to tissues, removes waste by diffusion

29
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

Blood passes from vessels into sinuses, mixes with body fluid, re-enters vessels in another location

30
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

Blood is confined to vessels and is physically separated from other body fluids

31
Q

What are the two types of development that bilaterians have?

A

Protostome and deuterostome

32
Q

What does protostome mean?

A

The mouth develops from the blastopore, ‘first mouth’

33
Q

What does deuterostome mean?

A

Anus develops from the blastopore

34
Q

What does archenteron mean?

A

Primitive gut

35
Q

What does blastopore mean?

A

Opening into the archenteron

36
Q

What is spiral cleavage?

A

The new layers of cells fall into the space between the older cells

37
Q

What is radial cleavage?

A

Pairs of new cells that position directly above older cells

38
Q

What is determinate development?

A

The type of tissue that each embryonic cell will form is determined early, protostomes

39
Q

What is indeterminate development?

A

Each cell remains totipotent and each cell is not determined for several cleavages, deuterostomes

40
Q

What are the advantages of segmentation?

A

Efficient and flexible movement, redundant organ systems

41
Q

What does metazoa mean?

A

Includes sponges that do not have embryonic germ layers

42
Q

What does eumetazoa mean?

A

Animals that do have embryonic germ layers

43
Q

What did molecular data help reveal?

A

Evolutionary relationships

44
Q

What is sponge morphology?

A

Monophyletic; shares common ancestor with other animals

45
Q

What is cnidarian morphology?

A

They evolved before bilaterally symmetrical animals

46
Q

What two animals were thought to be closely related?

A

Annelids and arthropods, this was based on segmentation but are grouped differently now

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