Chapter2: The Cell As The Basic Unit Of Life

Question 0

Organic constituents

Answer 0

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipid
3. Protein
   
   • structured protein ( build up body)
   • enzyme ( catalyse body reaction)
   • hormone ( act as messages carried in blood)
   • antibody ( combat against antigens on pathogens)
   • receptor ( receive/ perceive messages)
   • carrier( carry out active transport)
4. Nucleic acid
   
   • DNA
   • RNA
     
     • r-RNA
     • m-RNA
     • t- RNA

Question 1

What are the inorganic constituents?

Answer 1

1. Water ( uses )
   
   • reactant
   • medium
   • means of transport( transpiration stream)
   • as a cooling agent( transpiration stream)
   • means of support
2. Inorganic ions
   
   • nitrate : -in soil water
     - absorbed by root of plant to synthesis protein
   • magnesium :
     - to form chlorophyll
     - activate enzyme for metabolic activities
   • calcium:
     - to form inorganic compounds
     - important compound in bonds and teeth
     - important in the functioning/ processing of blood clotting, muscle contraction( if lack–>抽筋 ) and transmission of nerve impulse ( 神經脈沖 )
   • iron
     - form heamoglobin

Question 2

Cell membrane/ Plasma membrane

Answer 2

1. Thin and flexible
2. Function
   - enclose the cell
   - selectively permeable
   
   • control entry/ exist of substances via the membrane

Question 3

Cytoplasm

Answer 3

1. Jelly like
2. Water ( dissolve minerals and etc.)
3. Hold many organelles
4. Medium of chemical reaction
5. Involve in transporting within cells

Question 4

Nucleus

Answer 4

1. Enclosed by double membrane
2. Nucleus membrane is porous
3. Pores allow substances to pass though to the cytoplasm, e.g. m-RNA
4. Contains genetic info.
5. Control cell activities/ metabolic activities

Question 5

Mitochondion

Answer 5

1. Rod/ sausages shape
2. Double membrane
3. Inner membrane is infolding into the matrix（醬，在mitochondion) where a lot of respiratory enzymes are located
4. Site of the major part of respiratory pathway
5. Produces a lot of energy through respiration
6. Active cell contains a lot of mitochondria

Question 6

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 6

1. A network of inter connected membrane bounded sacs
2. Nucleus-> ER-> cytoplasm
3. Intra- cellular transport
4. Rough + smooth ER

Question 7

Vacuole

Answer 7

1. Small and a few/ absent// Large & only one
2. Single membrane
3. Fluid inside( water + dissolved minerals, etc.)
4. Make plant cell turgid

Question 8

Cell wall

Answer 8

1. In plant, X in animal
2. Made up of cellulose
3. Outermost layer
4. Rigid
5. Fully permeable
6. Support and protect the cell

Question 9

Chloroplast

Answer 9

1. Present in green plants
2. Double membrane
3. Thylakoids—granum
4. Granum has chlorophyll

Question 10

Procaryote vs Eucaryote

Answer 10

Nucleus:   No.           Yes
Chromosomes: yes. Yes
Double membrane structures:
                  No.          Yes
ER :   No.       Yes
Cell wall: yes/ no.       Yes( in plant cell)

Question 11

Level of body organisms

Answer 11

Cell–> Tissues–> Organs–> Systems–> Body