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Special Senses > Chapter14 > Flashcards

Chapter14 Flashcards

0
Q

Perception

A

Conscious awareness of sensations

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Process initiated by stimuli acting on sensory receptors

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2
Q

Senses

A

Means by which the brain receives information about the environment and the body

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3
Q

General senses two groups

A

Somatic senses and visceral senses

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4
Q

Somatic senses

A

Touch, pressure, itch, vibration, temperature, proprioceptive, pain, sensory info about body and environment

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5
Q

Proprioception

A

Perception of position and movement of parts of the body

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6
Q

Visceral senses

A

Information about various internal organs, mostly pain and pressure

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7
Q

Special senses

A

Specialized in structure, nerve endings, localized to specific conditions

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8
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to mechanical stimuli: compression, bending, stretching of cells. Touch tickle, itch, vibration, pressure, proprioception, hearing, balance

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9
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Respond to chemical, smell and taste

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10
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Respond to changes in temperature, necessary for sense of temperature.

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11
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Respond to light striking the receptor cells and are necessary for vision.

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12
Q

Novices toes

A

Respond to extreme mechanical, chemical and thermal stimuli.

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13
Q

Cutaneous receptors

A

Associated with the skin

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14
Q

Visceroreceptors

A

Associated with viscera or organs

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15
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Associated with joints, tendons and other connective tissue.

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16
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Responsible for sensations including pain, temperature, itch and movement. Abundant in epithelial and connective tissue.

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17
Q

Cold receptors

A

Free nerve ending responsible for temperature detection respond to 3 types of sensation.

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18
Q

Warm receptors

A

Increases its rate of action potential production as skin temp increases.

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19
Q

Pain receptors

A

Stimulated by extreme cold or heat

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20
Q

Merle’s disk

A

Consists of atonal branches that end as flattened expansions, each associated with a specialized epithelial cell.

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21
Q

Hair follicle receptors

A

Respond to very slight bending of the hair and are involved in light touch. Extremely sensitive

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22
Q

Pacifism corpuscles

A

Receptors resemble onions, single dendrite extend to center. Located in subcutaneous tissue, responsible for deep cutaneous pressure and vibration.

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23
Q

Meissen corpuscles

A

Distributed throughout dermal papillae, involved in two point discrimination.

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24
Q

Two point discrimination

A

Ability to detect simultaneous stimulation of meissner corpuscles in 2 distinct receptor fields by touching 2 points on the skin

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25
Q

Riffing end organs

A

Located in the dermis of the skin, primarily in finger, respond to pressure and touch

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26
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Consist of 3-10 specialized muscle fibers, located in skeletal muscles, they provide info about length of muscles

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27
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Proprioceptive receptors assoc with the fibers of tendons near junction between muscles and tendons. Activated by increase in tendon tension.

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28
Q

Receptor potential

A

If receptor potential reaches threshold, an action potential is produced and is propagated toward CNS.

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29
Q

Primary receptors

A

Sensory receptor cells that conduct action potentials in response to the receptor potential

30
Q

Secondary receptors

A

Have no axon or short axon like projection and generally produce receptor potentials

31
Q

Adaptation

A

Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus.

32
Q

Tonic receptors

A

Slowly adapting receptors.Generate action potential as long as a stimulus is applied and adapt very slowly

33
Q

Phasic receptors

A

Rapid adapting receptors, adapt rapidly and are most sensitive to changes in stimuli.

34
Q

Anterolateral system

A

Is one of two major systems that convey cutaneous sensory information to the brain.

35
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

Ascending pathway. Carries pain and temperature information as well as light touch and pressure,tickle and itch sensations.

36
Q

Spinoreticular tract

A

Ascending pathway responsible for pain.

37
Q

Spinomesencephalic tract

A

Ascending pathway responsible for pain and touch.

38
Q

Primary neurons

A

Cell bodies of the spinothalamic tract are in dorsal root ganglia. Primary neurons relay sensory input from periphery to posterior horn of spinal cord, where they synapse with interneurons.

39
Q

Secondary neurons

A

Axons cross to opposite side of the spinal cord through the anterior portion of the gray and white commissures and enter the spinothalamic tract.

40
Q

Tertiary neurons

A

Tertiary neurons from the thalamus project to the somatic sensory cortex.

41
Q

Spinotectal tract

A

Ends I the superior colliculi of the midbrain and transmits action potentials involved in reflexes that turn eyes toward point of cutaneous r stimulation.

42
Q

Dorsal-column/ medial-lemniscal system

A

Carries the sensation of two point discrimination, proprioception, pressure, and vibration

43
Q

Fasciculis gracious

A

Conveys sensation from nerve endings below the mid thoracic level

44
Q

Fasciculis cuneatus

A

Conveys impulses from nerve endings above the mid thorax

45
Q

Nucleus gracilis

A

Fasciculis gracilis terminates by synapsing with secondary neurons in the nucleus gracilis or with neurons of the posterior spinocerebellar tracts.

46
Q

Necleus cuneatus

A

Fasciculi a cuneatus primarily terminates by synapsing with secondary neurons in the( nucleus cuneatus)

47
Q

Trigeminothalamic tract

A

Made up primarily of afferent fibers from the trigeminal nerve, joined by a few tactile afferent fibers from the ear and tongue carried by cranial nerves VII, IX and sometimes X.

48
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts

A

Carry proprioceptive information to the cerebellum, where information concerning actual movements can be monitored and compared with cerebral info representing intended movements

49
Q

Posterior spinocerebellar tract

A

Originates in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions and contains uncrossed nerve fibers that enter the cerebellum through the inferior cerebellar peduncles

50
Q

Anterior spinocerebellar tract

A

Carries info from lower trunk and lower limbs and contain both crossed and uncrossed nerve fibers that enter the cerebellum through the superior cerebellar peduncle.

51
Q

Primary sensory areas

A

Sensory pathways projected to specific areas of cerebral cortex, where the sensation is perceived.

52
Q

Primary somatic sensory cortex

A

General sensory area, occupies most of the post central gyrus.

53
Q

Homunculus

A

The pattern of the primary somatic sensory cortex in each hemisphere that forms an upside doe half little human

54
Q

Projection

A

The brain refers a cutaneous sensation to the superficial site at which the stimulus interacts with the sensory receptors

55
Q

Taste area

A

Primary sensory area, cerebral cortex, insula

56
Q

Olfactory cortex

A

Inferior surface of temporal lobe. Both conscious and unconscious responses to Odor

57
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Superior part of temporal lobe

58
Q

Visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe

59
Q

Association areas

A

Cortical areas immediately adjacent to primary sensory areas

60
Q

Somatic sensory association area

A

Posterior to primary somatic sensory cortex

61
Q

Visual association area

A

Anterior to visual cortex

62
Q

Voluntary movements

A

Depend on upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons

63
Q

Upper motor neurons

A

Connect to Lowe motor neurons directly through interneurons

64
Q

Lower motor neurons

A

Axons that leave central nervous system and extend to PNS

65
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Control many voluntary movements, especially fine motor movements of the hand (precentral gyrus)

66
Q

Premotor area

A

Anterior to primary motor area, motor functions are organized before entering primary motor cortex

67
Q

Prefrontal area

A

Motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movements. Regulation of emotional behavior and mood.

68
Q

Direct pathways

A

Descending motor fibers, maintains muscle tone, speed and precision of skilled movements. Only in mammals

69
Q

Indirect pathway

A

Descending motor fibers, control more primitive movements of trunk and limbs

70
Q

Pyramids of medulla

A

Formed by direct pathways. Corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract

71
Q

Corticobulbar tract

A

Movements of head and neck

72
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

Controls movements below the head.

Special Senses (1 decks)

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