Chapter14 Flashcards
Define argumentation, persuasion, logos, ethos, and pathos. Why are they important when writing an argumentative essay?
Argumentation is a logical way of asserting the soundness of a debatable position belief, or conclusion.
Persuasion refers to how a writer influences an audience to follow their belief.
Logos- the appeal to logic
Pathos - the appeal to emotion
ethos - the appeal to authority.
These terms are important because the writer must consider all of them when writing an argumentative essay.
What is a debatable thesis? Define antithesis.
It must present something that people will oppose to. Antithesis means a statement that asserts the opposite position.
What types of audiences should the writer consider when writing an
argumentative essay? Why should the writer assume that the audience is skeptical?
A friendly audience, a neutral audience, and a hostile audience. You should assume their skeptical because they would be open to your arguments but need to be convinced.
List the types of evidence a writer can use to develop an argumentative thesis.
Use facts, opinions, expert opinions, credibility.
List the three criteria the writer should follow when selecting and reviewing
evidence.
Relevant, representative, sufficient.
Define refutation. Why should a writer include a refutation in an argumentative
essay?
Refutation is when you address the opposition to your arguments. You should include this so that you can address any doubts about your argument.
What are some strategies to refute opposing viewpoints?
Factual errors, Illogical reasoning, biased statements.
Define deductive reasoning, syllogism, minor premise, major
premise and conclusion
Deductive reasoning- When you move from evidence to conclusion using strict logical form.
Syllogism- consists of a major premise, which is a general statement.
Minor premise- a related but more specific statement.
Conclusion- Drawn from the premises.
Briefly describe the Rogerian argument.
Think of those who disagree with you as colleagues. Try to find common ground and try not to be too aggressive.
Create your own example of a syllogism
Basketball players are athletic.
Define inductive reasoning, hypothesis, inference, inductive leap, and jumping to
conclusion.
Inductive reasoning - individual observations to a more general conclusion.
Hypothesis -
inference-
inductive leap - a stretch of the imagination that enables you to draw sound conclusions.
jumping to conclusion- When your gap between evidence and conclusion is too weak.
Define Toulmin logic, claim, grounds, warrant, backing,
qualifiers, and rebuttals
Toulmin logic- looks at elements of an argument that cause the readers to respond the way they do.
Logic-
Claim- The main point of the essay
Grounds- the material a writer uses to support the claim
warrant- the inference that connects the claim to the grounds.
backing- consists of additional statements that support the warrant.
qualifiers- statements that limit the claim
rebuttals-statements that refute arguments against the claim
What are fallacies? How many fallacies are discussed in the chapter. Identify and
describe two of them.
Flaws in reasoning that undermine your argument’s logic.
There are 14.
Begging the question is when it assumes that a statement is true when it needs proof.
Jumping to conclusion is when a conclusion is reached with too little evidence.
List 5 transitional words or phrases for argumentation.
Finally, for example, however, in conclusion, therefore.
Define conjunction. Why do writers often use conjunctions when writing
argumentative essays?
Conjunctions are words that join other words or group of words. They help readers follow the logic of your argument.
Describe the two types of sample argumentative outlines discussed in the chapter.
Identify their parts in your description.
One sample is when you separate your essay into 3 paragraphs, the introduction, body and conclusion.
Another sample is when you separate each point into different paragraphs and your opposing arguments in a separate paragraph as well.
Define compound sentence and complex sentence.
A compound sentence is made of two or more independent clauses.
A complex sentence is made up of one independent clause and one dependent clause.
What is StopTextsStopWrecks.org arguing in the ad with the ambulance at the
end of the chapter?
The ad is arguing for the stop of texting while driving.
What is Ramos’s opposition in “Just Say No.” How does she refute her
opposition?
The opposition is some argue that the assessment of these study drugs is overblown. She refutes it by saying that the drugs can be harmful to the physical and mental well being of the students.
What does Ramos’s instructor advise her to focus on when revising her essay?
Her instructor told her to refute more than one argument.
Is there opposition to the ad’s thesis?
There is opposition in the ad because people can argue that texting and driving is not dangerous.
