Chapter11StudyGuide Flashcards
Black Death
The most devastating natural disaster of European history occurring in the mid 14th century.
Bubonic plague
The most common form of the Black Death, also the least toxic; spread by black rats infested with fleas; symptoms: high fever, aching joints, swelling of lymph nodes, dark blotches on skin.
Yersina Pestis
Bacterium hosted by black rats that spread the bubonic plague.
Pneumonic plague
Bacterial infection spread to lungs, resulting in coughing, bloody septum, and the spread of baucillus via coughing.
Septicemic plague
Extremely lethal form of the plague carried by insects; victims usually died within one day of infection.
Flagellants
People who resorted to extreme asceticism o cleanse themselves of sin and gain God’s forgiveness; became a popular movement in 1348 especially in Germany.
Clement VI
Condemned Flagellants & 1349 urged public authorities to crush them because flagellant groups began to kill Jews and attack clergy who opposed them.
Pogrom
Accusations or harsh punishments; for example Jews were accused of causing the plague by poisoning the wells, they were also persecuted by Spain, and Jewish communities in Germany were exterminated in 1351.
Stature of Laborers
(1351) passed by the English parliament to attempt to limit wages to preplague levels & to forbid the mobility of peasants.
Jacquerie
Revolt by the townspeople of Paris who were upset with the conduct of the war and wished to limit monarchial powers.
Etienne Marcel
The leader of the Jacquerie; bourgeois draper.
Villein
Rich people who are loathed by the peasants; people who “spend a lot” and “spoil the common wealth”.
Peasant Revolt of 1381
Caused by the monarch’s attempt to raise revenues by imposing a poll tax or a flat charge on each adult member of the population; peasants who refused were expelled from the villages; rebels burned down the houses of aristocrats, lawyers & govt. officials, murdering several people.
Wat Tyler
One of the leaders of the English peasant’s Revolt 1381.
Richard II
Fifteen year old king of England who promised to accept the rebels’ demands if they returned home (end of serfdom & immunity to prosecution during their rebellion)
Ciompi
Wool workers in Florence’s most prominent industry who revolted and won the right to form guilds & the right to participation in govt.
Henry III
English king in 1295 who relinquished all previous claims to French except for the Dutchy of Gascony; this gave rise to numerous disputes between England and France.
Edward III
King of England (1327 - 1377) who had a claim to French throne; refused to do homage to Philip VI for Gascony and the French seized Gascony; declared war on Philip.
Philip VI
Duke of Valois, began a dispute over the throne with king Edward III who descended from the maternal side; loved luxury & desire for glory / territorial gain (like Edward III).
Cre`cy
Land south of Flanders where Philip’s forces met Edwards army; location of first of several attacks suffered by the French in the Hundred-Years war.
Black Prince
The son of Edward III, the prince of Whales, who waged devastating campaigns on France - burned crops and villages, luring the French into war; defeated the French & captured their king.
Poitiers
In 1356, a battle took place here that would end the first phase of the Hundred-Years war; Battle of Poitiers fought by the Black Prince & King John.
Peace of Bre`tigny
1359 French agreed to pay a large ransom for King John, the English territories in Gascony were enlarged, and Edward renounced his claims to throne of France for John’s promise to give up feudal control over English lands in France.
Charles V
Son of King John continued next phase of war; French recovered what they previously lost.
“Free Companies”
Mercenaries no longer paid by the English, who simply lived off the land by plunder and ransom.
Henry V
1415; English king renewed the war with the Battle of Agincourt in which the French were defeated; conuered Normandy and forged an alliance with the Duke of Burgundy.
Agnicourt
French were defeated by King Henry V
Joan of Arc
Born in 1412, daughter if a peasant from Domremy in Champagne; 1492 persuaded King Charles to accompany the French army to Orleans; renewed confidence in the French soldiers and charged the course of the war; also known as “the maid”.
Orle`ans
Where the French army faught alongside Joan of Arc and liberated Orle`ans changing the course of the war.
Charles VII
July 1492 under Joan of Arc, the daughlin was crowned King of France (Charles VII).
Scutage
Money payments that replaced military service in the lord and vassal relationship; allowed monarchs to hire proessional soldiers anyway.
House of Lords
Previously known as the Great council of barons, it evolved into a body composed of chief bishops & abbots of the realm; appeared in the period of Edward III.
House of Commons
Representatives of the Shires and the boroughs, who were considered less important than the lords who held collective meetings; appeared in Edward III.
Henry of Lancaster
Defeated Richard II (grandson of Edward III) with a faction of the peasant’s Revolt; deposed & killed the king, making himself King Henry IV.
Estates-General
A meeting or assembly of the estates of an entire nation to discuss and make decisions on legal matters; represent all social levels of society.
Gabelle
Tax on salt proposed by King Philip VI to help pay costs of Hundred-Years war (French).
Taille
Hearth tax (also by King Philip VI of France) to pay for the war.
Golden Bull of Charles IV
A principle of election rather than heriditary basis of the German monarchy established by Charles IV in 1356; document stated that 4 lay princes & 3 ecclesiastical rulers would serve as electors of the “King of the Romans” (King of Germany).
Condottieri
Leader of mercenary soldiers who sold the service of his band to the highest bidder; usually served city-states to wreak havoc on the countyside, living in blackmail and looting when they weren’t in the battle.
Giangaleazzo Visconti
(1385 - 1402 ruled) transformed despositism into a hereditary dutchy by purchasing the title of “duke” from the emperor; conquered much land before he died.
Grandi
Patrician class of nobles who dominated the free commune of Florence.
Popolo grasso
a wealthy merchant - industrial class who assumed an important role in the govt. by establishing a new costitution known as the ordinances of justice; “fat people”.
Ordinances of Justice
Constitution established by the Popolo grasso that provided for a Republican govt controlled by 7 major guilds of the city that represented the interests of the wealthy.
Signoria
Council of elected priors with executive power given to them by the Ordinances of Justice.
gonfaloniere
Standard-bearer of justice who is assisted by a number of councils with advisory & overlapping powers; given by the Ordinances of Justices.
Popolo minute
Small shopkeepers and artisans whose revolutionary activities won them a spot in govt.
Great council
The source of all political power in Venice, dominated by 200 wealthy merchant families who practised heredity (established in 1297 & took conrtol of repub.)
doge
(duke): executive head of the republic since the Early Middle Ages until 1300 when he became just a figurehead.
Council of Ten
formed in 1310, held actual executive power of the state while doge became just a figurehead.
Bonfice VIII
When King Philip claimed right to tak clergy, the Pope responded that one cannot pay taxes to their secular rulers w/o Pope’s consent; began battle of palpacy V. royal sovereignty.
Philip IV
Claimed right to tax French clergy; excommunicated by the Pope; cherged pope w/ heresy and pope lost
Unam Sanctum
one of a series of papal bulls / letters issued by pope Bonfice VIII in 1302 to assert his position, claiming temporal supremacy.
Clement VI
elected as French pope in 1305, taking up residency in Avignen using the excuse of turbulence in the city.
Avignon
Located in Holy Roman Empire, but not French; new French Pope (Clement V) took up residency here, creating problems for the church.
Papal penitentiary
a section of the papal bureaucracy in the 14th century that oversay ecclesiastical discipline and issued papal pardons
Chancery
a section of the papal bureaucracy that prepared and sent out papal letters and documents
Roman rota
a section of the papal bureaucracy that was responsible for judicial affairs and served as a court of appeals for cases referred to it by the pope
Papal chamber
a section of the papal bureaucracy that served as the treasury which encompassed the various departments dealing with the collection and dispersal of the vast revenues of the church
provision
english king in 1295 who relinquished all previous claims to French except for the Dutch of Gascon; this gave rise to numerous disputes between England and France.
benefice
a church position that consisted of a sacred office and the right of the holder to the annual revenues from endowment.
pluralism
practise in which the Pope pays the cardinals for their services by giving them a number of benefits.
Catherine of Siena
called the Pope to return to Rome; was sent on a mission to Pope Gregory XV in Arigon because of her sanity demeanor and claims of vision from God
Gregory XI
returned to Rome because of his perceived decline in papal prestige; died soon after
Urban VI
(Italian archbishop Bari), elected as pope after the death of Gregory X on Easter Sunday to help keep Rome alive.
Clement VII
A French Pope elected by dissenting cardinals who returned to Avignon (now 2 popes)
Great Schism
2 popes: one elected by college of cardinals to represent Rome, and one chosen bu dissenting cardinals to represent France initiated a division of loyalties; France Spain, Scotland, and Italy = Clement; England, Germany Scandinavia, & N. Italy = Urban; amplified by political rivalry & reflected bitterness of Hundred Years’ war; lasted for 40 years; need for political support caused both popes to subordinate their policies to those of the state.
Marsiglio of Padua
Organized a systematic revolution to solve the church’s institutional problems; rector of Univ. Of Paris & author of Defender of the peace; denied temporal authority was subject to spiritual authority; dergy don’t hold special authority from God b/c church = community authority should reside w/ church council, not pope alone.
Conciliarism
The belief that only a general council of the church could end the schism and bring reform to the church in it’s “head and members”; idea arose among churchmen during Great Schism.
Council of Pisa
Formed by a group of cardinals from both lines who heeded counciliarism formulas in 1409; deposed 2 popes & elected a new one: Alexander V; desposed 2 popes refused to step down therefore now 3 popes.
Alexander V
Elected as pope by council of Pisa who headed advice of counciliarism.
Sigismund
Holy Roman Emperor who organized a new ecumencal church council at constance (1414-1418) to end the Schism; 3 popes either resigned/desposed; elected a new conclave: cardinal odd one colonna
Council of Constance
(1414 - 14180 arranged by Sigismund to end Great Schism by electing a new conclave & ask 3 other popes to resign or be deposed.
Martin V
Chosen by Council of Constance as Cardinal Oddone Colonna, a member of a prominent Roman family, as Pope Martin (1417 - 1431), ending the Great Schism.
Purgatory
The place in which souls existed after death so that they could be purged of the punishment due to the consequences of sin.
Mysticism
The immediate experiences of oneness with God or Union of one’s soul with God.
Meister Echhart
(1260 - 1327) teacher of mysticism; preached union of soul with God; attainable by those who wholeheartedly pursued it.
Johannes Tauler
discipline of Meister Echhart; German mystic who preached of unification of soul & preparing soul for encounters with God; created a movement that spread from Germany to the Low Countries.
Gerald Groote
Inventer of Modern Devotion mysticism; preached messages of practical mysticism; peity & mortality based on scriptures & lead lives of servitude (like Jesus) to be more connected with God.
Brothers of the Common Life
Group of Groote’s followers who started a movement that spread through the Netherlands & back into Germany; founded new groups “houses” in many cities; established schools also, feared by church b/c not controlled by ecclesiastical establishment.
William of Occam
Posed a challenge to scholastic achivements by starting that concepts were simply names, and only individual objects percieved by the senses were real; indicated that the truths of religion were not demonstratable by reason, but could only be known by act of faith.
Dante Aligheri
Developer of Italian vernacular literature: came from Florentne noble family; exiled in 1302; wrote the “Divine Comedy” (1313 - 1321) - story of soul’s progression to salvation.
Petrarch
Developer of Italian vernacular literature by writing sonnets: great poet who often wrote about his love, laura whom he met in 1327; Florentine.
Giovanni Boccacio
Italian poet known for prose; Florentine w/ Tuscan dialect; worked at Bardi banking & fell in love; many love poems including “The Decameron”.
Geoffrey Chaucer
brought new level of sophistication to English Vernacular, author of “The Canterbury Tales”; criticized corruption of church in late medivial period.
Christine de Pizan
Received good education due to Father’s position in French court of charles V; female author; wrote many well acclaimed poems in 1400; 1404 - The Book of the City of Ladies Canti Feminism / Women’s rights
Giotto
First dramatic break with medieval tradition, forerunner of Italian Rennaisance painting; peasant ancestry; painting workshop in Florence; formal Byzantine school; new kind of realism that imitated nature.
“four humors”
organs of Greek theory: blood (heart), phlegm (brain), yellow bile (liver) black bile (spleen), each corresonding to an element of the earth: air, water, fire, and earth respectively.
