chapter11 Flashcards
State the type of biological molecule that is represented by antigen.
Protein
Outline the production of monoclonal antibody
Inject small mammals Immune response occurs Collect B-lymphocyte B-lymphocyte isolated from spleen Fused with cancer cell Hybridoma cell formation Screening for hybridoma with desired antibody Large-scale production Hybridoma growth
Describe what happens to the bacteria after being engulfed by macrophage and being digested by hydrolytic enzyme
Bacteria are breaker down By hydrolytic enzyme Carbohydrate/lysozyme/protease/nucleas Killed by hydrogen peroxide Murein peptidoglycan polysaccharide polypeptide nucleic acid lipid Glycoside peptide ester phosphodiester
Why few recognize antigens by binding with antigen presenting cells
Few with correct specificity
T-lymphocyte are specific to different antigens
Receptors in complementary shape to antigen
During primary immune response so no memory cell
Disease state or few T-lymphocytes in body
The structure of antibody
Variable region/antigen-binding site
Hinge region
Constant region
How monoclonal antibody works
Antibody binds to antigen
Destroy antigen
Inflammation will not be triggered
Suggest how the binding of monoclonal antibody to the diseased cells causes their destruction by cells of the person’s immune response
Recognize non-self
Stimulate immune response
Recognition and binding by B-lymphocytes
Specificity so healthy cells will not be destroyed
Clinal expansion
Plasma cells secrete antibody
Antibody binds monoclonal antibody to lead to cell destruction
T-helper lymphocyte secrete cytokines to activate macrophages
T-killer release perforin to punch holes in cell membrane
Auto-immune disease
Failure to distinguish between self and non-self
State the location where development and maturation of neutrophil occur
Bone marrow
Describe the shape of nucleus in the matured neutrophil
Lobed
The alternative name of granules
Vesicles
Primary granules contain proteins known as defensins. These bind to cell surface membrane of bacteria and form very small pores in the membrane. Suggest how defensins contribute to the neutrophil in killing bacteria
Loss of control over entry and exit substances Loss water ions Metabolic reaction prevented Enzyme no longer function Water potential affected Cytoplasm shrinks Contents leak out
Explain how the action of lysozyme will lead to the destruction of the bacterial wall
Breakdown of bacterial cell wall
Lysis occurs when water enters into
Three ways the B-lymphocytes exposed to antigen
Antigen-presenting cells with antigen on the surface
Vaccination contains antigen
Directly bind to antigen
Why antibody is globular
Soluble in tissue fluid
