chapter11 Flashcards

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1
Q

State the type of biological molecule that is represented by antigen.

A

Protein

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2
Q

Outline the production of monoclonal antibody

A
Inject small mammals
Immune response occurs
Collect B-lymphocyte
B-lymphocyte isolated from spleen
Fused with cancer cell
Hybridoma cell formation
Screening for hybridoma with desired antibody
Large-scale production
Hybridoma growth
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3
Q

Describe what happens to the bacteria after being engulfed by macrophage and being digested by hydrolytic enzyme

A
Bacteria are breaker down 
By hydrolytic enzyme
Carbohydrate/lysozyme/protease/nucleas
Killed by hydrogen peroxide
Murein peptidoglycan polysaccharide polypeptide nucleic acid lipid
Glycoside peptide ester phosphodiester
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4
Q

Why few recognize antigens by binding with antigen presenting cells

A

Few with correct specificity
T-lymphocyte are specific to different antigens
Receptors in complementary shape to antigen
During primary immune response so no memory cell
Disease state or few T-lymphocytes in body

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5
Q

The structure of antibody

A

Variable region/antigen-binding site
Hinge region
Constant region

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6
Q

How monoclonal antibody works

A

Antibody binds to antigen
Destroy antigen
Inflammation will not be triggered

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7
Q

Suggest how the binding of monoclonal antibody to the diseased cells causes their destruction by cells of the person’s immune response

A

Recognize non-self
Stimulate immune response
Recognition and binding by B-lymphocytes
Specificity so healthy cells will not be destroyed
Clinal expansion
Plasma cells secrete antibody
Antibody binds monoclonal antibody to lead to cell destruction
T-helper lymphocyte secrete cytokines to activate macrophages
T-killer release perforin to punch holes in cell membrane

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8
Q

Auto-immune disease

A

Failure to distinguish between self and non-self

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9
Q

State the location where development and maturation of neutrophil occur

A

Bone marrow

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10
Q

Describe the shape of nucleus in the matured neutrophil

A

Lobed

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11
Q

The alternative name of granules

A

Vesicles

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12
Q

Primary granules contain proteins known as defensins. These bind to cell surface membrane of bacteria and form very small pores in the membrane. Suggest how defensins contribute to the neutrophil in killing bacteria

A
Loss of control over entry and exit substances
Loss water ions
Metabolic reaction prevented
Enzyme no longer function
Water potential affected 
Cytoplasm shrinks 
Contents leak out
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13
Q

Explain how the action of lysozyme will lead to the destruction of the bacterial wall

A

Breakdown of bacterial cell wall

Lysis occurs when water enters into

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14
Q

Three ways the B-lymphocytes exposed to antigen

A

Antigen-presenting cells with antigen on the surface
Vaccination contains antigen
Directly bind to antigen

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15
Q

Why antibody is globular

A

Soluble in tissue fluid

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