chapter10-12

Question 1

Thermal local winds that occur in the ___________ during the warmer part of the year create Sea, Land, Mountain, Valley and Slope Breezes occur primarily because of ________ cooling and heating

Answer 1

MIDDLE LATITUDES

RADIATIONAL

Question 2

Thermal local winds that depend on radiational cooling and heating are tied closely to the ________

Answer 2

TIME OF DAY

Question 3

A Sea Breeze refers to a local wind that flows from the ___ to the ____. Sea Breezes occur because the _______ of the land surface increases more rapidly than the temperature of the surface of the ___

Answer 3

SEA to the LAND
TEMPERATURE
SEA

Question 4

The Sea Breeze is also accompanied by a very slight change in atmospheric ______which aids wind movement. A well-developed Sea Breeze will have winds of ________ will extend from the _____ up to as high as _____. above the surface.

Answer 4

PRESSURE
10 to 20 knots
SURFACE
3,000 FT

Question 5

Above the Sea Breeze the wind will move back toward the sea creating a local circulation of low altitude winds flowing toward ______ with slightly higher altitude winds at about 6,000 feet flowing towards ______ which completes the Sea Breeze Circulation.

Answer 5

THE LAND

THE SEA

Question 6

A Sea Breeze describes ____air moving inland from the sea. Air movement occurs because the ____heats more rapidly than the sea and warm air rising over the land. Heating reduces pressure which creates a _______pressure gradient (very small gradient) creating enough difference to generate air movement

Answer 6

COOL
LAND
HORIZONTAL

Question 7

A Sea Breeze Front may develop along with the Sea Breeze. The Sea Breeze Front may be marked by a broken line of _______clouds. If sufficient instability exists, the Sea Breeze Front may be marked by a line of ________.

Answer 7

CUMULOUS

THUNDERSTORMS

Question 8

Thermal winds are normally named for the _____ of the breeze and flow from _____to warm

Answer 8

SOURCE

COLD

Question 9

Sometimes, due to a Sea Breeze Front (very localized, very narrow), the _____ sea breeze forces warmer land-side air aloft which sometimes creates lower altitude _____ clouds at about 2,000’ – 3,000’

Answer 9

COOLER

CUMULOUS

Question 10

Sometimes, sea breezes will flow around _____ near the coastlines and create convergence zones. A good local example is the flow around the Olympic Mountains which creates a _____zone in the vicinity of Seattle.

Answer 10

TERRAIN

CONVERGENCE

Question 11

Land Breezes occur a few hours after ____ due to the more rapid cooling of the surface of the land compared to the surface of the ___, and work very much like the Sea Breeze except the circulation flows at low altitude toward the ___ and at higher ______toward the land

Answer 11

SUNSET
SEA
SEA
ALTITUDE

Question 12

Generally, a Land Breeze will be weaker than a _______ with winds of only about 5 knots and with the overall circulation only extending up to about ____ FEET

Answer 12

SEA BREEZE

2,00 FEET

Question 13

A Valley Breeze is a circulation of air toward higher _____ that creates air that flows upslope, and has a corresponding circulation of air that flows out from the mountains at higher altitudes and then descends over the ______. The term for an upslope wind is ______

Answer 13

TERRAIN
LOWLANDS
ANABATIC

Question 14

An Anabatic wind occurs because the air in the vicinity of ________ heat ____ than the air at the same altitude over lower elevations and the differential heating creates a very small differential ______ change which creates the wind flow.

Answer 14

MOUNTAIN SLOPES
FASTER
PRESSURE

Question 15

Upslope and Valley Breezes usually reach maximum speeds during the middle of the _______with speeds of 5 to 20 knots. Because snow cover tends to reflect rather than absorb solar radiation, snow cover tends to reduce the effects of _____ and _____ breezes.

Answer 15

AFTERNOON
UPSLOPE
VALLEY

Question 16

Mountain Breezes occur primarily at _____ as the cooler air at higher altitude near the surfaces of mountain slopes cools more _____ than air at the same altitude over lower elevations. The term for down-slope winds is ______.

Answer 16

NIGHT
RAPIDLY
KATABATIC

Question 17

Mountain Breeze ______wind circulation works in reverse from the Anabatic winds of the ______Breeze. In a Katabatic circulation warmer air at altitude from over lower elevations flows toward ______ slopes

Answer 17

KATABATIC
VALLEY
MOUNTAIN

Question 18

Cold Downslope or Drainage winds occur when cold dense air sinks and strengthens ______ and ______breezes

Answer 18

DOWNSLOPE

MOUNTAIN

Question 19

Mountain Lee Waves and Warm, Downslope winds are ______wave patterns that develop over and ______of mountains. These two winds are forms of Atmospheric ______ Wave air movement

Answer 19

MESOSCALE
DOWNWIND
GRAVITY

Question 20

Mountain Lee waves occur in movement of _____air over mountains with a wind speed of at least __ knots and may persist for several ____. The danger of a Mountain Lee wave wind is that on the Lee side, the air can be very ______.

Answer 20

STABLE
20 KN
HOURS
TURBULENT

Question 21

A weak Lee Wave will have vertical movement of a few hundred ____. A strong Lee Wave can have vertical movement of up to ____feet per minute and can attain vertical changes of up to ____ feet or more.

Answer 21

FEET
1800 FEET
4000 FEET

Question 22

Two locations where Mountain Lee Waves are strongest are the lee slopes of the _________ in California and the ________ in Colorado

Answer 22

SIERRA NEVADA RANGE

ROCKY MOUNTAINS

Question 23

Indications of potential Mountain Lee wave action are ______Clouds (lens-shaped clouds) that will occur above the peaks of the mountain range and downwind of the Mountain range when wind speeds exceed ___knots and the direction of wind flow is ________ to the mountain ridgelines

Answer 23

LENTICULAR
20 KNOTS
PERPENDICULAR

Question 24

Examples of Warm Downslope winds and where they occur 
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Answer 24

a. CHINOOK WINDS - EAST SLOPES OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
b. FOEHN WINDS - NORTHERN SLOPES OF THE ALPS
c. SANTA ANA WINDS - SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
d. CANTERBURY NOR’WESTER - NEW ZEALAND
e. MONO WIND – CENTRAL AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA

Question 25

Wind shear is a change of wind speed of direction in a very ______

Answer 25

SHORT DISTANCE

Question 26

Low level wind shear magnitude change of 8 to 11 knots is considered Strong and ____________ is considered severe.

Answer 26

12 KNOTS OR MORE

Question 27

A METAR report that reads /RMK LLWS -15KT SFC to 030 DURC means the wind shear resulted in a loss of _______ during climb-out between the _____and ____.

Answer 27

AIRSPEED OF 15 KNOTS SURFACE 3,000FT

Question 28

``` Wind shears are associated with any type of A. B. C. D. ```

Answer 28

A.THUNDERSTORMS B.LOW-LEVEL TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS, C.JET STREAMS D.FRONTAL ACTIVITY.

Question 29

A downdraft is a concentrated _______ of air that flows outward in all directions from the base of convective storms

Answer 29

SEVERE DOWNDRAFT

Question 30

A Microburst is a commonly used term to describe any _______ downdraft that produces _____wind shear conditions

Answer 30

PERCIPITATION-INDUCED | CRITICAL

Question 31

The lifetime of a micro burst is from ______and can result in wind changes that create hazards to aircraft because the ______occurs over a very short distance. The average microburst lasts about _____

Answer 31

5-30 MINS WINDSHEAR 15 MINS

Question 32

If an aircraft is flying toward a microburst downdraft, initially the air movement will be a significant ______. As the aircraft flies through the microburst, the wind will change to a significant _____.

Answer 32

HEADWIND | TAILWIND

Question 33

Pilots should avoid flying under any type of _______ even if the pilot can see through to the ______ of the thunderstorm

Answer 33

THUNDERSTORM | OTHERSIDE

Question 34

If there is thunderstorm activity in the vicinity of an airport, aircraft flying in the vicinity of the airport should expect ______activity and the pilot should expect ______ and _____ on approach

Answer 34

MICROBURST WIND SHEAR TURBULENCE

Question 35

____ is an indication of a microburst in dry conditions. If there is virga, the vortex ring may occur at surface and will be indicated by a _____at surface

Answer 35

VIRGA | DUST RING

Question 36

Frontal zone wind shear will always occur over the top of the ____air. If the front is a Warm Front, the critical period of time for LLWS is ____ the front passes.

Answer 36

COLD | BEFORE

Question 37

Air mass shear occurs at ______ under fair conditions and in the ______ of strong winds or strong surface ______gradients

Answer 37

NIGHT ABSENCE PRESSURE

Question 38

An inversion wind shear can occur anytime the wind speed between ____and _____feet above the surface is at least _____knots

Answer 38

2,000 4,000 25 knots

Question 39

Aviation turbulence is defined as “_____IN FLIGHT”. The definition of how much turbulence there is depends on the reaction of things inside the ______. For example, if the pilot observes occupants being forced violently against ______OR ______, the pilot would report that turbulence as _____

Answer 39

BUMPINESS IN FLIGHT AIRPLANE SEATBELTS OR SHOULDER STRAPS SEVERE

Question 40

``` The four types of turbulence are A. B. C. D ```

Answer 40

LIGHT, MODERATE, SEVERE, and EXTREME

Question 41

Light Turbulence momentarily causes slight, erratic changes in altitude or attitude and is sometimes called ______.

Answer 41

LIGHT CHOP

Question 42

Moderate turbulence causes _____ in altitude and / or ______ and also causes variations in ______ airspeed, and rapid ____or jolts.

Answer 42

CHANGES ATTITUDE INDICATED BUMPS

Question 43

_____ turbulence causes large, abrupt changes in altitude and or attitude, _____variations in indicated airspeed, the aircraft may be ______ out of _____

Answer 43

SEVERE LARGE TEMPORARILY CONTROL

Question 44

Extreme turbulence ______tosses the aircraft about, the aircraft is ______ ______ to control, may cause ______damage

Answer 44

VIOLENTLY PRACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE STRUCTURAL

Question 45

__________ (CAT) or Chop occurs when turbulence occurs in free atmosphere away from any visible ______ activity. Most CAT occurs above 15,000 feet and is often associated with the ________

Answer 45

CLEAR AIR TURBULENCE CONVECTIVE JET STREAM

Question 46

For quantitative measures of ____turbulence the indications would be an airspeed fluctuation of __ knots or more, a G-load change of __- ___Gs, and a vertical gust of ___-___ feet per minute

Answer 46

SEVERE 25 KNOTS 1-1.99 Gs 2100-2999

Question 47

``` The four basic aviation turbulence categories are a. b. c. d. ```

Answer 47

LOW LEVEL TURBULENCE (LLT) TURB IN OR NEAR THUNDERSTORMS CLEAR AIR TURBULENCE MOUNTAIN WAVE TURBULENCE (MWT)

Question 48

what are the cause of these four air turbulences a. LOW LEVEL TURBULENCE (LLT) b. TURB IN OR NEAR THUNDERSTORMS c. CLEAR AIR TURBULENCE d. MOUNTAIN WAVE TURBULENCE (MWT

Answer 48

a. thermal, mechanical low frontal (friction) b. thunderstorms c. high frontal, jet stream d. high winds over mountain ridge lines

Question 49

For pilots, the type of approach for during gusty winds is a ______ approach and a _____landing.

Answer 49

POWER ON | POWER ON

Question 50

When taking off from a valley surrounded by mountains, climb above the level of the _____peaks before leaving the valley. Maintain enough ______ clearance from the mountains to recover from any downdraft that might catch you

Answer 50

HIGHEST | LATERAL

Question 51

Characteristics of unstable cold air masses moving over a warm surface are _____clouds, _____, and ____visibility.

Answer 51

CUMULIFORM TURBULENCE GOOD

Question 52

The greatest time when aircraft will generate wake turbulence is when the aircraft is ___, ____, and ____.

Answer 52

HEAVY, CLEAN AND SLOW

Question 53

Wake turbulence is greatest when a jet transport has just taken off because of the high _______and high _______.

Answer 53

ANGLE OF ATTACK | GROSS WEIGHT

Question 54

To avoid wake turbulence when flying behind a large aircraft on approach, the pilot of the following airplane should fly _____ and _____ of the flight path of the preceding heavier aircraft.

Answer 54

ABOVE AND UPWIND

Question 55

If flying near a location where CAT has been reported, Pilots should adjust airspeed to the airspeed recommended for _____

Answer 55

ROUGH AIR

Question 56

A sharply curving jet stream will generate ____ turbulence than a straight flowing jet stream. Significant CAT is more likely to occur when the core speed of the jet stream exceeds ___ knots

Answer 56

MORE | 110 KNOTS

Question 57

The best airspeed to fly when you expect to encounter turbulence is ______ Speed because _______ Speed provides the greatest amount of room for the aircraft to fly and not exceed __ limits or ____limits - Lecture Point

Answer 57

MANEUVERING MANRUVERING G AIRSPEED

Question 58

During takeoff into a microburst, an aircraft experiences an _____ headwind, followed by a ______ headwind and downdraft, and finally a tailwind.

Answer 58

increasing | decreasing

Question 59

if you are heading toward a thunderstorm what is the best position to be in?

Answer 59

on the left of the thunderstorm

Question 60

if you are in mature thunderstorm, how bad is the turbulence?

Answer 60

any level of severity light mod severe or extreme depending on the pilot

Question 61

a sharply curving jet stream is associated with _____ turbulence than a straight jet stream

Answer 61

greater

Question 62

CAT is mostly in the______ where two air masses are pushing against one another

Answer 62

jet stream frontal zone

Question 63

vertical wind shear will encounter g forces ____ and ____

Answer 63

vertical or horizontal

Question 64

if your flying through a micro burst, what kind of wind change with you get?

Answer 64

180 degree change

Question 65

a warm wind which blows up a steep slope or mountain side, driven by the heating of the slope is called?

Answer 65

anabatic winds

Question 66

down-slope winds frequently produced at night by the air near to the ground losing heat faster than air at a similar altitude over adjacent low-lying land is called

Answer 66

katabatic winds

Question 67

shanook winds are ___winds

Answer 67

downslope

Question 68

santa ana winds are___winds

Answer 68

downslope

Question 69

what do you need for a mountain wave?

Answer 69

a layer of stable air and a wind of at least 20 kn blowing across the ridge