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SS17_I: Renewable Technologies > Chapter1 part A: Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter1 part A: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Learning Targets

A
  1. The use and the evolution of renewable energy sources will be understood. 2. The primary energy consumption and the expected future development will be understood. 3. The greenhouse effect and the global warming will be introduced and the personal carbon foot print will be analysed. 4. The potential of renewable energy will be discussed 5. Energy units will be introduced and applied in simple calculations. 6. The first law of thermodynamics will be understood and applied.
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2
Q

What are Renewable Energies?

A

Renewable energies are energy carrier which are: 1. Infinite in terms of human time horizons 2. or fast regenerated. In contrast to that, fossil fuels are “regenerated” during millions of years.

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3
Q

What is the oldest utilisable energy source available to mankind?

A

Biomass:

Northern Israel: 700.000 years ago and “controlled” fireplaces 1.5-4 mill. years ago). Ignition: thunderbolts–> Particular importance for the colonisation of northern regions with cold temperatures in winter. –>Invention of controllable ignition: colonization of previously not colonisable northern regions which caused: 1. Socialisation 2. Population growth 3. Progress

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4
Q

What are the different forms of renewable energy?

A
    • Wind
  2. -Biomass
  3. -Hydro
  4. -Solathermal
  5. -Geothermal
  6. .Photovoltaics
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5
Q

Biomass is a predominant energy source for…?

A
  1. food preparation
  2. heating
  3. early energy-intensive industries, like production of (a) copper, (b) bronze, (c) iron
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6
Q

When were first wind wheels used?

A
  • 1700 BC First wind wheels for irrigation in the middle east
  • 650 AD First wind mills (resistance rotor type) in west asia
  • 1200 AD First wind mills with horizontal rotor axis in northern France
  • 1250 AD First „modern type“ tower wind mills in the Mediterranean region
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7
Q

What happened in the 17th and 18th century and caused advanceed mill designs and technologies?

A

Development of mathematical methods to calculate the shape of optimised wings by Leibnitz, Bernoulli and Euler (17th and 18th century)

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8
Q

So how did the wind mills develop after that?

A
  • 1891 Poul La Cour (Denmark): First wind power plant (~ 35 kWel)
  • 1922 M. And J. Jacobs (USA): “Windlader” (first commercial product)
  • 1920s Darrieus- , modern two- and three-wing rotors
  • -> Development of “stall” and “pitch” control systems lead to rapid increase in size and capacity
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9
Q

How about hydro how old is it ?

A

Mechanical conversion of running-water power started 3.000 to 4.000 years ago

  • 1000-2000 BC First (undershot) waterwheels in (China)
  • 1500 AD Development of overshot waterwheels (Germany)
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10
Q

Why water hasn’t been used significantly before windmills?

A
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11
Q

Different modern hydropower turbine design?

A
  • 1827 Development of reaction turbine (Francis turbine, France)
  • 1838 Axial turbines (Germany)
  • 1850s Development of impulse turbine (Pelton turbine, Europe)
  • 1913 Propeller turbines (Kaplan turbines, Germany)
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12
Q

What “screw” design is used for small hydro?

A

Archimedes Screw

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13
Q

How did the use of solarthermal power all start?

A

In the Ancient world: concave mirrors used for ignition of firewood

  • 18th century: Horace-Bénédict de Saussure developed the first solar collector
  • 1881 C.M. Kemp: First solar plant for water heating
  • 1912: First solar thermal parabolic trough power plant (40 kWel) Oil crisis
  • 1973: Enforced installation of large scale parabolic trough power plants
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14
Q

Photovoltaics historical development?

A
  • Alexandre Edmond Becquerel, 1839: Photoelectric effect Russel Ohl,
  • 1940 (Bell Laboratories): Doping of silica probes Walter Schottky,
  • 1948: Semiconductor photovoltaics (Schottky-diodes)
  • First implementation: Vanguard I satellite, USA, 1957 T
  • errestrial implementation started with oil crisis, 1973 D
  • ecrease of production cost in recent years: Massive installation of photovoltaic panels in small an large scale
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15
Q

What is the difference between Photovoltaics and solar thermal energy?

A

The principle behind both types of solar panel – solar photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal – is the same. They absorb raw energy from the sun and use it to create usable energy.

In solar PV systems this is through the creation of electricity, whereas thermal systems are used directly for heating water or air. For many households there is no need to decide which of the two technologies is better as they can be used in tandem. For businesses and landowners the debate is slightly different, as the main goal is to get a return on investment or generate a sustainable second income.

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16
Q

Geothermal Energy?

A
  • Ancient times: thermal springs were used as water supply for public baths
  • Larderello, Tuskany, Italy: First geothermal power plant (1913) Electrical output today: 700 MWel
  • Iceland: 54% of its primary energy is sourced from geothermal formations
17
Q

Now how did the storage systems develop historically?

A
  • 18th century: Alessandro Volta and Luigi Galvani define the basics for electrochemical energy storage.
  • 1859: First Accumulator was invented by Gaston Planté (France)
  • 1881: First electric driven vehicles by Trouvé (France)
  • 1988-1994: Battery-Storage power plant Berliln-Steglitz (17 MW and 14.4 MWh)
  • 2011: Renaissance of electric driven cars (i3, Tesla, …)
18
Q

What are the types of energy conversion?

A
19
Q

What are the Energy Carriers of primary –> secondary–> final–> useful energy ?

A
20
Q

How the share of primary energy consumption will develop in the next years?

A
21
Q

What does affect the prediction of future primary energy consumption?

A

The knowledge of the efficiency of the involved technologies, for example for nuclear energy, the efficiency is constant and it is equal to n=0.33

22
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A
  • The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases.
  • The natural greenhouse effect ensures that the atmosphere has an average temperature of +15°C (33K warmer than without the greenhouse effect)
  • The anthropogenic greenhouse effect causes global warming. But Complex interactions between atmosphere, biosphere, water and landmass make clear statements on future effects difficul
23
Q

Make a Simplified calculation of the earth surface temperature without consideration of the greenhouse effect and the assumption that 70% of the solar radiation gets absorbed

A

0.7𝜋𝑅2 ⋅ 1367 𝑊/𝑚2 = 𝜎𝑇 44𝜋𝑅2 → 𝑇 ≈ 256 K

24
Q

What are the main greenhouse gases?

A

Main greenhouse gases (in % of total effect)

  • H2O 36-70%
  • CO2 9-26%
  • CH4 4-9%
  • Ozone 3-7%
25
Q

How did the CO2 concentration changed over history?

A
  • Changes between 200 and 300 ppm have occurred during the history
  • Dependence between climate changes (e.g. ice ages) and CO2 -concentration in the atmosphere exists
  • CO2 -concentration in the atmosphere increased significantly during the last century
26
Q
A
27
Q

Global warming is tangible through the global temp increase in the last century, how much is the average temp rise?

A

Steady increase during the last century is observed. Average temperature rise is almost 1 K. Discussions about allowable temperature rise without collateral damages are the basis for future policies.

28
Q

Orgnize the following potentials from the gihest to the lowest:

  • nuclear
  • oil
  • solar
  • wind
  • biomass
  • geothermal
  • ocean and wave
  • hydro
  • coal
  • gas
A
29
Q

Definitions and types of potential

A
  1. Theoretical: Resource: Total available substance (e.g. total biomass)
  2. Technical potential: Fraction of the theoretical potential with the consideration of ecologic and other constraints
  3. Economic potential: Consideration of economic boundary conditions
  4. Accessible potential: Actual and expectable share (Consideration of e.g. lack of acceptance)
30
Q

What are the basic SI units used for the following physical entities?

A
31
Q

What is the unit for energy?

A

The SI-unit for energy is

1 𝐽 = 1 𝑘𝑔𝑚2/𝑠 2

Unit Conversion factor Example for the quantity

  • 1 𝐽 𝑁/𝐴 Energy consumption of a bee for flying 120 m
  • 1 𝑘𝐽 = 103 𝐽 Swimming of 1 m
  • 1 𝑀𝐽 = 103𝑘𝐽 Doing nothing for 3.5 hours (metabolic rate at rest)
  • 1 𝑘𝑊ℎ = 3600 𝑘𝐽 16 hours (light bulb, 60 W), 100 hours (energy savings lamp, 10 W)
  • 1 𝐸𝐽 = 1018 𝐽 541 EJ is the worldwide primary energy demand
32
Q

WHat is the energy content of: coal, oil, natural gas, wood pellets?

A
33
Q

How much is ….?

A

SS17_I: Renewable Technologies (10 decks)

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