chapter1 Flashcards
Transmission of information, ideas, emotions, skills, etc.
communication
the process whereby humans collectively create and regulate social reality.
communication
communication is a process like a
river: continuous, flowing, active and never the same
communication competence
the ability to communicate in a personally effective socially appropriate manner.
implicit knowledge
knowledge we don’t stop to think about, we use it unconsciously to guide our own behavior
message competence
the ability to make message choices that others can comprehend as well as to attend to and understand the message choices of others
verbal competence
the ability to process and use linguistic devices to convey content in effective ways
nonverbal competence
the ability to process and use nonverbal codes to convey content in effective ways.
interpretive competence
ability to label, organize, and interpret the conditions surrounding an interaction
role competence
the ability to take on social roles and to know what is appropriate behavior given these roles
self competence
the ability to choose and present a desired self-image
goal competence
the ability to set goals, anticipate probable consequences, and choose effective lines of action
aproximeeting
issue with technology. place to meet is decided last minute if at all
process perspective
becoming aware of what’s going on when you communicate and beginning to recognize how the underlying processes involved in communication manifest themselves in everyday performance
situational approach
you define interpersonal communication in terms of its external characteristics; you look at factors like the number of people involved and their physical proximity.
developmental approach
you define interpersonal communication in terms of its content; you look at the kind of information people exchange and how well they know one another
intrapersonal communication
alone and in our heads
interpersonal communication
face to face, between 2 people
interpersonal communication AKA
dyadic communication
small-group communication
third person joins a interpersonal communication
organizational communication
large businesses and government institutions
face-to-face public communication
- single speaker addresses a large group
- doesn’t know audience members personally and must compose the message for a hypothetical receiver
mediated public (mass) communication
- indirect transmission
- radio, tv
cultural level data
general information of a culture
relationships as constellations of behaviors
equivalent to the interdependent actions of two people
relationships as cognitive constructs
exist in our minds as we think about one another
relationships as mini-cultures
relationships as shared understandings like codes of conduct between countries
dialectical approach to relationships
opposing voices, different and contradictory impulses
memory interaction packets
scenes of relationship
relational prototype
consist of : natural language label, criterial attributes, and communicative indicators
natural language label
“friend”
criterial attributes
characteristics relationship must have to attain the natural language label
communicative indicators
the behaviors that display an attribute
communication in holding relationships together: (6)
- interpersonal relationships begin with awareness
- develop through coordinated interaction
- as relationships unfold, we begin to analyze and evaluate them
- our relationships are influenced by outside forces
- our relationships can control us as much as we can control them
- relationships are constructed and maintained through communication
content messages
messages about the topic at hand
relational messages
messages about the relationship itself
minimally competent
individuals are inflexible
satisfactorily competent
people who value flexibility, and who are willing to change if they sense the willingness is reciprocal
optimally competent
they know when to adapt and not to adapt
symbolic communication
symbols, socially defined
modifying nonverbal messages (4)
complementing
accenting
repeating
substituting
modifying nonverbal messages - complementing
nonverbal elaboration of the verbal message (like looking sick to go along with saying theyre sick)
modifying nonverbal messages - accenting
nonverbals that underline or focus attention on a specific word or phrase (like pounding fist on table when you say “ive had it!)
modifying nonverbal messages - repeating
help receiver process the total message (“yes” and nodding yes)
modifying nonverbal messages - substituting
cold stare instead of saying “no”
regulating (nonverbal codes)
they regulate the flow of talk. like avoiding long pauses or signaling the end of a conversation
visual communication system (3 codes)
proxemics, kinesics, artifacts
visual communication system - proxemics
use of space
visual communication system - kinesics
gestures, body movement, eye and face behavior
visual communication system - artifacts
physical appearance, clothing
auditory communication system
auditory, voice
invisible communication system (3)
chronemics, olfactics, haptics
invisible communication system - chronemics
use of time
invisible communication system - olfactics
smell
invisible communication system - haptics
touch
proxemics
study of messages sent
affect displays
nonverbal cues that signal emotions
regulators
nonverbals that help control interaction
self-adaptors
body movements, reassuring touching yourself in emotional state
object adaptors
material objects used in the tension management process
looking
gazing in the direction of the other’s eyes
seeing
visual contact with the whole person
2 attractiveness factors
body symmetry and body proportionality
vocalics/ paralanguage
the voice (not what is said)
vocal qualities
loudness, pitch, inflection, temp, rhythm
vocal characteristics
more specific sounds, laughing, crying, moaning etc
chronemics
interpreting messages associated with time
olfaction
messages attached to smells emitted by the body
expectancy violations theory
two factors determine how we respond- violation valence and the reward value of the other person
violation valence
our perception of the positive or negative value of the violating behavior itself.
(crowded bus, moderate negative valence)
equivocal communication
messages open to more than one interpretation
analogic codes
indicate meaning by being similar to what they convey (like in movies)
digital codes
meaning is conveyed symbolically (braille and digital watch)
symbols
units of meaning that are arbitrary and conventional
morpheme
linguistic unit of meaning (dogs = dog and s morphemes)
regulative rules
identify, in a given context, the speech acts that are appropriate and inappropriate
constitutive rules
tells us how to recognize speech acts
life script
sense of self (who am I? who do I wish to be?)
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 2 parts
Linguistic determinism, linguistic relativity
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis - linguistic determinism
language determines the way we interpret the world
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis - linguistic relativity
if language determines though, then speakers of different languages will experience the world differently
elaborated code
middle-class make more complex grammatical decisions
restricted code
lower-class use grammar more rigidly, employing commonly shared forms
qualifiers
somewhat, kind of, maybe
tag endings
right? ok? end of sentence
disclaimers
sentences that ward off criticisms (“I may be wrong, but…”)
female register
all characteristics together (qualifier, tag endings, disclaimers) warmer speaker but less credible too
free information
extra information contained in a response, can suggest additional topics
