Chapter1

Question 1

How does the endocrine system’s cells communicate?

Answer 1

Uses chemical messengers to relay information and instructions btwn cells

Question 2

Difference btwn nervous system and endocrine system

Answer 2

NS: uses electricity and chemicals to send a fast message
Has a specific effector organ
ES: uses hormones
Effects many effector organs (high to all muscles)
Is slower and longer lasting

Question 3

Difference btwn neurotransmitters and hormones

Answer 3

NT: are released by neurons
Talk to effector organs (i.e ACh)
Only work if there is a receptor in cell inhibitor =GABA
Hormones: are released by endocrine glands
Released in blood
Need receptors for it to affects the cell

Question 4

How does negative feedback play a role in hormones?

Answer 4

Responses to changed body condition
If high or low from normal level
Signal tells body to make changes that will bring body back to normal level
Once body goes back, the signal is turned off

Question 5

3 types of intercellular communication

Answer 5

Direct, parachute, endocrine

Question 6

Direct communication

Answer 6

Exchange of ions and molecules btwn gap jxns
2 cells of the same type
Cardiac cells

Question 7

Paracrine communication

Answer 7

Uses chemicals signals to transfer info
Within single tissue
Most common form

Question 8

Endocrine communication

Answer 8

Release chemicals (hormones) into bloodstream
Needs a receptor

Question 9

3 types of hormones

Answer 9

Amino acid derivatives
Peptide hormones
Lipid derivatives

Question 10

Free hormones

Answer 10

Remain functional for less than 1 hour

Diffuse out of blood stream and bind to receptors on target cells

Question 11

Thyroid and steroid hormones

Answer 11

Remain in circulation much longer

Enter bloodstream

Question 12

Lipid soluble hormones

Answer 12

Glucocorticoids
Estrogens
Androgens 
Thyroid hormone (T3)
Calcitriol 

Diffuse across the plasma membrane to reach receptor proteins

Question 13

Hormones that aren’t lipid soluble

Answer 13

Prolactin
ACTH
Growth hormone
ADH
Peptide hormones
ANP
ANF
Insulin
Leptin
Unable to penetrate plasma membrane

Question 14

Hormone receptor

Answer 14

Protein molecule to which particular molecule binds strongly different tissues have different combinations of receptors

Question 15

Hormones and plasma membrane receptors

Answer 15

Bind to receptor in plasma membrane
Cannot have direct effect on activities inside target cell
Use intracellular intermediary to exert effects

Question 16

Second messengers

Answer 16

Cyclic-AMP
--> derivative of ATP
Cyclic-GMP
--> derivative of GTP
Calcium ions

Question 17

Amplification

Answer 17

Takes something small and makes it bigger
Binding of a small number of hormone molecules to membrane receptors
Leads to many second messengers in cells
Magnifies effect of hormone on target cell

Question 18

Down regulation

Answer 18

Presence of hormone trigger decrease in number of hormone receptors
Less sensitive and receptors are all filled up

Question 19

Up-regulation

Answer 19

Absence of a hormone triggers increase in number of hormone receptors
More sensitive dreams
Receptors are available

Question 20

What hormones do extra cellular receptors bind to?

Answer 20

No lipid soluble protein hormones

Question 21

What hormones does intracellular receptors bind to?

Answer 21

Lipid soluble

Question 22

Mechanisms of hormone action

Answer 22

Bind to DNA and make messenger RNA

Question 23

Endocrine reflexes

Answer 23

Fxnal counterparts of neural reflexes

Mostly negative feeback

Question 24

What riggers endocrine reflexes? Explain each

Answer 24

Humoral stimuli: changes in compositions for extracellular fluid
Hormonal stimuli: arrival or removal of specific hormone
Neural stimuli: arrival of NT at neuroglandular jxn

Question 25

Simple endocrine reflex

Answer 25

Involves only one hormone
Controls hormone secretion
Heart

Question 26

Complex endocrine reflex

Answer 26

Involves one or more intermediary steps
Two or more hormones
Hypothalamus

Question 27

Neuroendocrine reflexes

Answer 27

Pathways include both neural and endocrine components

Question 28

Complex commands

Answer 28

Issued by changing: Amt of hormone secreted, pattern of hormone released

Question 29

What 3 ways does hypothalamus integrates activities of nervous and endocrine system?

Answer 29

-secrete regulatory hormones: special hormones that control endocrine cells in pituitary gland
- acts as an endocrine organ
-contains autonomic centers
Exert direct neural control over endocrine cells of adrenal medullae

Question 30

Where does the pituitary gland lie? What is it called?

Answer 30

Lies within sella Turcica

Also called hypophysis

Question 31

What are the 2 classes of hypothalamic regulatory hormones? Explain each

Answer 31

Releasing hormones: stimulate synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones at anterior lobe
Inhibiting hormones: prevent synthesis and secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe

Question 32

Who does the hypothalamus communicate with and how? (Anterior)

Answer 32

Anterior pituitary gland by releasing IH and RH

Puts these in capillary networks instead of blood

Question 33

How does hypothalamus talk to posterior?

Answer 33

This is neuronal
Specialized cells a on goes to posterior pituitary, so 2 hormones made up in hypothalamus, and transported in axons and released from posterior (releases and secretes hormones)

Question 34

What hormones are released by posterior pituitary gland? Explain each

Answer 34

Oxytocin: stimulates contractions during labor
ADH: decreases urine production so you don’t loose as much water

Question 35

What type of process does the endocrine system regulate?

Answer 35

Regulates long-term processes

• growth
• development
• reproduction