CHAPTER1&2HUMANBODY Flashcards
Matter
Anything that occupies space & carries weight, anything you can see; exists in. 3 states: solid, liquid, gas.
All matter living or dead is composed of _______
Elements
Element matter is composed of
Atoms
More than ____ elements exist
Only _____ needed to exist
- )100
2. )25
An ____ is the building block of living matter
Atom
Atoms are Composed of 3 subatomic particles
Protons(+) , neutrons(no charge), & electrons(-)
The arrangement of the atom mimics the ___ & _______
Sun & planets
Atomic # is the # of _______ in the nucleus
Protons
Atomic mass is determined by the number of _______ & _________ in the nucleus
Protons & electrons
Isotope
- They are a variant of chemical elements
- Same number of protons & different number of neutrons
- often unstable & their nuclei break down or decay giving off energy
Radioactivity
Process of spontaneous breakdown
Radioisotopes
Damaging to tissue & are used to destroy cells (chemo)
Chemical
The electrical attraction between atoms
3 different type of chemical bonds
Ionic, Covalent, & hydrogen
Ionic is caused by a transfer of _________
Electrons
Ex- Interaction of sodium & chloride
Covalent involve sharing of __________ by the outer shell as of the atoms.
Electrons
Ex- is like joining hands like the joining of water molecules
Hydrogen
Involving a hydrogen atom located between a pair of other atoms having a high affinity for electrons.
ex- weak attraction between water molecules
Ion
-Atom that carries an electrical charge
How are ions formed
When electrons in the outer shell are lost or gained
Cations
If the ion is positively charged it is a cation
Ex- sodium is a cation
Anion
If the ion is negatively charged it is a anion
Ex- Chlorine ion As a anion is called chloride
Electrolyte
Is a substance that forms ions when dissolved in water.
-are capable of conducting an electrical current
Ex- the electrocardiogram (ECG) & the electroencephalogram (EEG) record electrical events in the heart and brain
Ionization
-when electrolyte splits or breaks apart in a solution
-only electrolytes ionize
-the electrolyte dissociate (break apart)
The product is ions- NaCl> Na+ Cl-
Na+(sodium) Cl- (chloride)
What is a basic degree of acidity for a human
7.35-7.45
Mixture w/ large particle
Suspension
Anatomy
Identification & description of the structures of living things.
Physiology
Branch of biology that deals w/ the normal functions of living organisms & their parts.
Integumentary system
Consist of skin & related structure
- hair & nails
- regulates body temp., provides sensory input, secretion/excretion
- mechanical barrier between body/environment
Skeletal system
- Framework of body
- bones, joint & cartilage
- protect & support body organ
Three types of muscle
Skeletal;voluntary control;striated muscles attached to the bones
Smooth;involuntary control; found in organ & tubes
Cardiac;involuntary control; heart muscle; coordinated contractions in sequence guided by electrical impulse from pacemaker cells
Nervous system
- Consists of brain, spinal chord, nerves, & sense organs
- Sensory nerves receive info (TEA/GOSSIP) from the environment, so then the sensory goes to tell spinal cord & brain. (TEA IS WHERE THE IT IS INTERPRETED)
- Decisions made by brain & spinal cord are transmitted> along motor nerves to various body structure.
Endocrine system
- System of glands that secrete hormones
- messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system
In vertebrae’s the _______ is the neural control center
Hypothalamus
Circulatory system
Consist of blood, heart, & blood vessel.
-heart pumps> transports blood(blood vessels) throughout the body
Blood carries nutrients & oxygen to all the bodies cells & carries waste to organs of excretion
Lymphatic system
-control fluid balance & defense of the body against pathogens/foreign material.
Ex- Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels,lymph, lymphatic organs.
Immune system
Protects body from pathogens,allergens, & when own cells run amok. (Cancer)
Respiratory system
- conducts air in & out of body
- consists of lungs & other structures that bring oxygen rich air into the lungs for air exchange.
Digestive System
- Organs designed to ingest food & break it down into substance that can be absorbed by the body
- food that is not absorbed is eliminated as waste
Urinary system
-Contain kidneys & other structures that can help excrete waste productions from urine.
Male Reproductive System
Testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicle, urethra, penis
Female reproductive system
Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, endometrium cervix, vagina
Cranial Cavity
Houses the brain
Vertebral cavity
Houses the spinal cord
Dorsal body cavity
BACK SIDE CAVITY
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY
FRONTSIDE CAVITY
Thoracic cavity
-Chest Cavity
Mediastinum
-Contains heart, thymus gland, parts of esophagus, trachea, & large blood vessels
Pericardial cavity
Contains heart
Pleural cavity
Contains lungs
Abdominal cavity
-stomach, most intestine, liver, gall bladder, spleen, kidneys, & pancreas
Pelvic cavity
Remainder of intestines, rectum, urinary bladder & internal parts of reproductive system
RUQ
Right upper quadrant
LUQ
Left upper quadrant
RLQ
Right Lower Quadrant
LLQ
Left lower quadrant
9 regions on stomach
Right hypochondriac region, Epigastric region, left hypochondriac region.
Right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region,
Right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region
Oral cavity
Mouth
Nasal cavity
Nose
Orbital cavities
Eyes
Middle ear cavity
In ear
Cranial cavity
On head
Frontal sinuses
Above eyebrows
Homeostasis
-The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing environment.
Ex - blood sugar staying WNL regardless of how much one has consumed
Homeostatic imbalance results in _______ & ________
Disease & dysfunction
Hypothalamus regulates the internal environment primarily through a ______ ________ _________
Negative feedback mechanism
Sagittal
Symmetrical; right & left side cut in half
Frontal (coronal) plane
Side to side
From one side of the shoulder to the other
Transversal plane
Divides the body into superior & inferior parts
Anatomical position
Body is upright Directly facing observer Feet flat & directed forward Upper limbs are at the bodies side Palms facing forward
Superior
Means higher
Ex- the head is superior to the neck
Inferior
Means lower
Ex-the umbilicus is inferior to the sternum
Anterior (ventral)
Front or direction toward the front of the Body
Posterior (Dorsal)
Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body
Medial
Towards the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Distal to proximal
Hand to shoulder
Elbow to shoulder
Deep
Structures closer to the interior center of the body.
Superficial
Structures that are closer to the exterior surface of the body
Central
Part is located in center
Ex- brain, spinal chord
Peripheral
Means away from the center
Ex- nerves
Molecule
When two or more atoms bond (two identical)
Compound
Substance that contains molecules formed by two or more different atoms
Chemical reaction
Atoms interacting to form a new chemical combination catalysts
Catalysts
Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction
Is needed in most chemical reaction
Chemical reaction - Catalysts
C6H2O6+O2 > CO2+H20 = 38 ENERGY
glucose + oxygen, carbon dioxide
PH scale
- Measures degree of acidity or alkalinity
- Indicates how many hydrogen ions are in the solution
- Scale ranges from 0-14
- Midpoint of scale is 7
Mixtures
-Substances that can be separated -by physical means-retain original properties components
Solution
Mixtures where substances are evenly distributed, is always clear.
Ex-Salt water
Solute
Solvent
Solution
- Salt
- Water
- Salt Water
Energy Transport- ATP
- ) ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
- )ENERGY TRANSFER MOLECULE
- ) MADE UP OF BASE, SUGAR, 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
- ) SPLITS WHEN THE BODY NEEDS IT TO PRODUCE TO ENERGY
Oxygen
- also known as O2
- a molecule composed of 2 oxygen atoms
- the air we breathe contains 21% of oxygen
- essential for life
- used by cells to liberate energy from the food we eat.
- Main reason for CPR
Carbon Dioxide
- known as CO2
- a compound or 1 carbon & 2 oxygen atoms
- waste product
- must be eliminated from the body
- created after food is chemically broken down for energy
