Chapter1

Question 1

yarOlogical Cycle This is the cycle in which water

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circulates from the land to the sky and back again. It is also known as

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the Water Cycie.

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Small rivers have turned into toxic stream.

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like Ganga and Yamuna are extremely polluted and many

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CSE (Centre of Science and Environment) 1999

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big rivers

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KNOWLEDGE PLUS According to the Citizens Fifth Report

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Fort area.

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constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to Siri

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In the 14th century

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tank in Hauz Khas

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pesticides and fertilisers

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making it unfit for use.

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due to domestic and industrial wastes

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chemicals

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Water pollution also leads to water scarcity. It is polluted

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of that time i.e. Bhopal lake was built.

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In the llth century

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one of the largest artificial lakes

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leads to over exploitation of water.

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pumping devices to meet the needs of the people. This

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Many housing colonies have their own ground water

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Bennur (Karnataka) and Kolhapur (Maharashtra).

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Kalinga (Odisha)

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Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh)

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Evidences of irrigation works have also been found in

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comes from hydroelectric power.

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resources. Industries need power to run them which

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post-independent India has put pressure on freshwater

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Intensive industrialisation and urbanisation in

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food grains

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especially in dry-season agriculture.

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requtres huge water for irrigation for producing higher

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Agriculture is also a cause of water scarcity as it

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and irrigation systems were extensively built.

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During the time of Chandragupta Maurya

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dams

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waters of the river Ganga.

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had water harvesting system for channelling the flood

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In the lst century BC

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Sringaverapura near Allahabad

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The hydraulic

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structures built in Ancient

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India were as follows

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by large population.

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demand for water for domestic use and producing food

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Another major factor for water scarcity is the increased

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canals for irrigation.

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rubble (broken stone)

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reservoirs or lakes

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These hydraulic structures include dams built of stone

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water among different social groups.

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over-exploitation

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excessive use and unequal access to

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In most of the cases

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water scarcity occurs

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due to

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natural flow of water.

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times. A hydraulic structure is a system to channelise the

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Hydraulic structures have been constructed from ancient

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3.2 Multi-Purpose River Projects

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the

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country.

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This type of situation creates draught like conditions in

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variations in seasonal and annual precipitation.

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Water scarcity is caused due to low rainfall and

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To prevent degradation of our natural

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ecosystems.

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productive

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activities.

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To ensure continuation of our livelihoods and

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The causes of water scarcity are as follows

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as water scarcity.

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The shortage of water as compared to its demand is known

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To ensure food security.

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3.1 Water Scarcity and its Causes

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drinking toxic water.

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To safeguard people from health hazards caused by

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Need for Water Conservation and Management

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itat

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ht

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by 2025

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nearly two billion people will live in absolute water scarcity.

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recharged through hydrological cycle’

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ensuring that water is a renewable resource. It is predicted that

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Eresh water is mainly obtained from surtace run off and ground water. t is continually being renewed

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with water

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but there is only a small amount of resh water that can be used.

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Water is a precious resource which is heCessary Tor me. three-1ounn or the Earth’s surface is cov

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for

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Nes

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yar

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ary in

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Water Resources

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CHAR