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Biology > Chapter Two - The Chemical Contex Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter Two - The Chemical Contex Of Life Flashcards

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0
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance that cannot be broken down to on other substance by chemical reaction.

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1
Q

Organisms are composed of what?

A

Matter

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2
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

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3
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that TAKES UP SPACE and has MASS.

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4
Q

What is an atom?

A

Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.

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5
Q

Atoms are composed of what?

A

Subatomic particles.

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6
Q

Name the three relevant subatomic particles and their charge.

A
  • Neutrons (no electrical charge)
  • Protons (positive charge)
  • Electrons (negative charge)
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7
Q

What are the mass of both neutrons and protons measured in?

A

Daltons

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8
Q

What is an element’s atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus.

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9
Q

What is an element’s mass number?

A

The sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus.

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10
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

An atom’s total mass.

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11
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Two atoms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons

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12
Q

Name two types of isotopes.

A
  • Stable

* Radioactive

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13
Q

Explain the difference between a stable isotope and a radioactive isotope.

A

STABLE ISOTOPES are stable, while RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy.

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14
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to cause change.

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15
Q

What is potential energy?

A

The energy that matter had because of its location or structure.

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16
Q

What is an electron shell?

A

An electrons state of potential energy or energy level.

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17
Q

What is the chemical behavior of an atom determined by?

A

The distribution of electrons in electronic shells.

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18
Q

What are Valence Electrons (valence shell)?

A

Electrons in the outermost shell.

19
Q

What causes an element to become chemically inert?

A

A full valence shell.

20
Q

Why are valence electrons important in an atom.

A

They determine the chemical behavior. (mostly)

21
Q

What is an ORBITAL?

A

The three dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time.

22
Q

What is a COVALENT BOND?

A

The sharing of of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.

*In a covalent bond, the shared electrons count as part of each atom’s valence shell.

23
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

24
Q

What is a single covalent bond, or SINGLE BOND?

A

The sharing of one pair of valence electrons.

25
Q

What is a double covalent bond, or DOUBLE BOND?

A

The sharing of two pair of valence electrons.

26
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

The notation used to represent atoms and bonding.

(Example) H-H

27
Q

What is a non-polar covalent bond?

A

Bond where atoms share the electron equally.

28
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

Where one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally.

29
Q

Unequal sharing of electrons causes what?

A

A partial positive or negative charge for each atom or molecule

30
Q

Covalent bonds can form between what?

A

Atoms of the same element or atoms of different elements.

31
Q

What is a compound?

A

A combination of two or more different elements.

32
Q

An atom’s VALENCE refers to what?

A

Bonding capacity

33
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

An atoms attraction for electrons in a covalent bond.

34
Q

The more electronegative an atom is…

A

… The more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself.

35
Q

What is an ION

A

A charged atom (or molecule)

36
Q

What is a CATION?

A

A positively charged ion.

37
Q

What is a ANION?

A

A negatively charged ion.

38
Q

What is an IONIC BOND?

A

An attraction between an ANION and a CATION.

39
Q

What is an IONIC COMPOUND ( or salts)?

A

Compounds formed by ionic bonds.

40
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

When a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.

41
Q

What determines a molecule’s shape?

A

The position of its atoms’ valence orbitals.

42
Q

What are chemical reactions?

A

The making and breaking of chemical bonds.

43
Q

What is a reactant?

A

The starting molecules of a chemical reaction.

44
Q

What is a product (in a chemical reaction)?

A

The final molecules of a chemical reaction.

45
Q

When is a chemical equilibrium reached?

A

When the forward and reverse rates are equal.

Biology (3 decks)

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