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Physics Board Review > Chapter Two - Sound > Flashcards

Chapter Two - Sound Flashcards

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1
Q

Macro means what?

A

Bigger

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2
Q

The effects of the soundwave on biological tissue?

A

Biologic effects

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3
Q

The effects of the medium on the soundwave?

A

Acoustic propagation properties

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4
Q

What is sound?

A

A type of wave that carries energy place to place

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5
Q

What does sound have to have to travel?

A

A medium

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6
Q

What identifies which waves are sound waves?

A

Acoustic variables

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7
Q

What are the acoustic variables?

A

Pressure, density, distance

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8
Q

What is the units for pressure?

A

Pascals (Pa)

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9
Q

What is pressure?

A

Force/area

Concentration of force within an area

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10
Q

What are the units for density? What is the definition of density?

A

kg/centimeters cubed.

Concentration of mass within a volume

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11
Q

What are compressions?

A

Regions of higher pressure and density

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12
Q

What are rarefactions?

A

Regions of lower density and pressure

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13
Q

What identifies which waves are sound waves?

A

Acoustic variables

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14
Q

What describes the features of a particular sound wave?

A

Acoustic parameters

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15
Q

What are the units for period?

A

Micro seconds or any unit of time

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16
Q

What are the typical ultrasound values for PERIOD?

A

0.06–0.5 µs

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17
Q

PERIOD is determined by what? Can PERIOD be changed by the sonographer?

A

Sound source

No

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18
Q

What is the definition of PERIOD?

A

Time required to complete a single cycle.

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19
Q

Is circumference length or area?

A

Length

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20
Q

Define frequency.

A

The frequency of a wave is the number of cycles of an acoustic variable that occur in one second

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21
Q

Units of frequency?

A

Per second, 1/second, Hz

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22
Q

Frequency is determined by? Changed by sonographer? Typical values?

A

Sound source
No
2MHz -15 MHz

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23
Q

What does frequency affect?

A

Penetration and axial resolution

24
Q

Formula for determining Hz?

A

Cycles/seconds

25
Q

Define ultrasound. Audible sound or inaudible sound?

A

Waves >20kHz

Inaudible

26
Q

Define infrasound. Audible or inaudible sound?

A

Sound with frequencies < 20Hz.

Inaudible

27
Q

What does reciprocal mean in regard to frequency and PERIOD?

A

Frequency x PERIOD = 1

28
Q

What three acoustic parameters describe a sound beam’s strength?

A

Amplitude, power, intensity

29
Q

Amplitude is expressed in?

A

Decibels dB

30
Q

Amplitude is determined by? Changed by sonographer?

A 
Sound source (initially)
Yes - amplitude decreases as sound travels through the body
31
Q

The difference between maximum and minimum values of an acoustic variable is called what?

A

Peak-to-peak amplitude

32
Q

What is power’s relationship to amplitude?

A

Power is proportional to (amplitude) squared

33
Q

What is the definition of intensity?

A

Concentration of energy in a sound beam
Watts/cm2
Intensity = power (watts)/beam area (cm2)

34
Q

What does intensity depend on?

A

Power and the cross-sectional area of the beam

35
Q

What is the typical values for intensity?

A

0.001-100 watts/cm2

36
Q

Intensity is determined by what? Changed by sonographer?

A 
Sound source (initially)
Yes - intensity decreases as sound propagates through the body
37
Q

What is the relationship between power and intensity?

A

Intensity is proportional (directly related) to intensity

38
Q

What is the relationship between intensity and amplitude?

A

Intensity is proportional to the amplitude squared

39
Q

Wavelength is determined by what? Can it be changed by the sonographer?

A

Both the sound source and the medium

No

40
Q

Define wavelength.

A

Length or distance of single cycle. (Length of one boxcar)

41
Q

What does wavelength influence?

A

Axial resolution

42
Q

What is the typical value of wavelength?

A

0.1-0.8 mm (in soft tissue)

43
Q

What is the equation for wavelength in ANY MEDIUM?

A

Wavelength (mm) = prop. Speed (mm/us)/frequency (Hz)

44
Q

In soft tissue, sound with a frequency of 1 MHz has a wavelength of __________.

A

1.54 mm

45
Q

In soft tissue sound with a frequency of 2 MHz has a wavelength of ____________.

A

0.77 mm

46
Q

What is the rule in soft tissue for determining wavelength?

A

Divide 1.54 mm by frequency

47
Q

What is the equation for the wavelength in soft tissue?

A

Wavelength (mm) = 1.54mm/us/frequency (MHz)

48
Q

What are the units for propagation speed?

A

m/s

mm/us

49
Q

What is the propagation speed determined by?

A

MEDIUM ONLY -density and stiffness

50
Q

Can speed be changed by the sonographer?

A

No

51
Q

True or False? All sound travels at the same speed through any specific MEDIUM.

A

True - sound waves with frequencies of 5 MHz and 3 MHz travel at the same speed when traveling through the same MEDIUM

52
Q

What is SO IMPORTANT to remember about propagation speed?

A

ALL sound travels at the SAME SPEED in the SAME MEDIUM.

53
Q

Biological effects are also known as?

A

Bioeffects

54
Q

Higher frequency = __________ wavelength. (Shorter or longer)

A

Shorter

55
Q

Lower frequency = __________ wavelength. (Shorter or longer)

A

Longer

Physics Board Review (1 decks)

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