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MCAT Bio Review > Chapter Two: Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter Two: Reproduction Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Five stages of the cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2, M, G0

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2
Q

What stages of the cell cycle are collectively called “interphase”

A

G1, S, and G2

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3
Q

What happens in G1?

A

Cells create organelles for energy and protein production

Cells increase their size

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4
Q

What is the “restriction point”, what cell cycle phase is it in, and what enzyme plays a major role in it?

A

The restriction point is the point at the end of G1 where DNA is checked for quality before the cell can move into S phase. P53 plays a major role in it.

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5
Q

What happens in the S stage of the cell cycle?

A

DNA is replicated

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6
Q

What are chromatids and what holds them together?

A

Strands of identical DNA that make up a chromosome, which are held together with centromeres.

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7
Q

What happens in the G2 stage of the cell cycle?

A

Further cell growth and replication of organelles in preparation for mitosis

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8
Q

What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

A

The cell performs its functions without preparing for division

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9
Q

What mechanism regulates the cell cycle?

A

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) rise and fall during the cell cycle; cyclins bind to CDKs, phosphorylation and activating transcription factors for the next stage of the cell cycle

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10
Q

Mitosis occurs in _________ cells and produces ______ genetically _______ daughter cells

A

Somatic; two; identical

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11
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (& cytokinesis)

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12
Q

What happens in prophase? (6)

A

1) chromosomes condense
2) nuclear membrane dissolves
3) nucleoli disappear
4) centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell
5) spindle apparatus begins to form
6) kinetochore of each chromosome is contacted by a spindle fibre

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13
Q

What happens in metaphase? (1)

A

Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate (equitorial plate)

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14
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles

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15
Q

What happens in telophase? (3)

A

1) The nuclear membrane reforms
2) Spindle apparatus disappears
3) cytoskeleton and organelles are split between two daughter cells through cytokinesis

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16
Q

Meiosis occurs in ____________ cells and produces ____ ______ cells that are genetically __________

A

Germ cells/gametocytes
Up to four
Sex cells/gametes
Non-identical

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17
Q

The products of mitosis are: haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

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18
Q

The products of meiosis are: haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

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19
Q

Define haploid cells

A

Those that have two copies of each chromosome

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20
Q

Define haploid cells

A

Those that have one copy of each chromosome

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21
Q

Meiosis is characterized by _____ round(s) of replication and ___ round(s) of division

A

One round of replication

Two rounds of division

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22
Q

What are the stages of divisions in meiosis?

A

Reduction all and equational divisions

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23
Q

What happens in meiosis I?

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes (homologues) are separated from each other

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24
Q

Define homologues

A

Chromosomes that are given the same number, but are of opposite parental origin

25
Q

What are the stages of meiosis? (7)

A

Prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I

Metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II

26
Q

How is prophase I different from prophase in mitosis?

A

The homologues come together into tetrads and intertwine in a process called synapsis,where crossing over exchanges genetic material between two chromatids in a homologous chromosome

27
Q

Define synapsis

A

In prophase I, homologues come together in tetrads (four chromatids) to exchange genetic material in a process called crossing over

28
Q

What happens in metaphase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes line up on opposite sides of the metaphase plate

29
Q

What happens in anaphase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

30
Q

What happens in telophase I?

A

The chromosomes may or may not fully decondense, and the cell may enter interkinesis after cytokinesis

31
Q

What happens in meiosis II?

A

Sister chromatids are separated from each other in a process that is functionally identical to mitosis

32
Q

Define sister chromatids

A

Copies of the same DNA held together at the centromere

33
Q

Define reductional division

A

Division that results in a reduction of chromosomes, so daughter cells are haploid whereas parent cells were diploid

34
Q

Refine equational division

A

Separation of sister chromatids without a change in polidy; I.e., you start with n parent cells and they product n daughter cells

35
Q

Two functional components of the testes

A

Seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells of Leydig

36
Q

Where do sperm develop in the testes?

A

Seminiferous tubules

37
Q

What cells nourish developing sperm?

A

Sertoli cells

38
Q

What cells secrete testosterone and other androgens in the testes?

A

Interstitial cells of Leydig

39
Q

Where do sperm gain motility and are then stored?

A

The epididymus

40
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

They contribute fructose to nourish sperm and produce alkaline fluid

41
Q

What glands contribute to seminal fluid?

A

The seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands

42
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland produce?

A

A clear, viscous fluid that cleans out any ruminants of urine and lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal

43
Q

How many sperm are produced from one spermatogonium during spermatogenesis?

A

Four haploid sperm

44
Q

After S stage, male germ cells are called:

A

Primary spermatocytes

45
Q

After meiosis I, male germ cells are called:

A

Secondary spermatocytes

46
Q

After meiosis II, male germ cells are called

A

Spermatids

47
Q

After maturation, male germ cells are called

A

Spermatozoa

48
Q

What are the three main components of a sperm cell

A

The head, the mid piece, and the flagellum

49
Q

What is an acrosome?

A

The covering of a sperm head; a modified Golgi apparatus that contains enzymes to help the sperm fuse with and penetrate the ovum

50
Q

What is the function of the mid piece of a sperm?

A

To generate ATP from fructose; contains many mitochondria

51
Q

Where are ova produced?

A

Follicles in the ovaries

52
Q

What is another name for the Fallopian tube?

A

The oviduct

53
Q

Primary oocytes are arrested in:

A

Prophase I

54
Q

Secondary oocytes are arrested in:

A

Metaphase II

55
Q

When does a primary oocyte become a secondary oocyte?

A

For ovulation

56
Q

A secondary oocyte becomes a true ovum when?

A

When it is fertilized

57
Q

What surrounds oocytes?

A

The zone pellucida and the corona radiata

58
Q

Estrogen stimulates vascularization and glandularization of the:

A

Decidua

MCAT Bio Review (4 decks)

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