Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Adult Health 1 > Chapter Two: Overview of Health Concepts for Medical surgical nursing > Flashcards

Chapter Two: Overview of Health Concepts for Medical surgical nursing Flashcards

1
Q

define acid base balance

A

acid base balance is the maintenance of arterial blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45 though control of hydrogen ion (acid) production and elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hydrogen ions are _______ while bicarbonates are______

A

hydrogen ions are acids while bicarbonates are bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

acid base balance is largely controlled by the _______and the _____

A

acid base is largely controlled by the lungs and the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

parameters for acidosis

A

arterial blood pH < 7.35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cause of respiratory acidosis

A

too many hydrogen ions in the body (think hypoventilation- not getting enough CO2 out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

causes of metabolic acidosis

A

not enough bicarbonate in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

parameters of alkalosis

A

arterial blood pH > 7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

causes of respiratory alkalosis

A

not enough hydrogen ions in the body (think hyperventilation- getting too much O2 and pushing out too much CO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

too much bicarbonate in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

major risk factors for acid-base imbalances include:

A
  1. Poisoning (excessive salicylate-usually from Aspirin)
  2. COPD (think respiratory acidosis)
  3. Uncontrolled DM (especially type 1)
  4. excessive emesis, diarrhea, or IV fluids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

compensation refers to what?

A

when the body detects an acid-base imbalance several mechanisms are activated in an attempt to correct the imbalance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how to the kidneys compensate when the blood is acidotic?

A

kidneys will excrete less bicarbonate (base) in the urine than they normally do- absorb more bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how do the lungs compensate when the blood is acidotic?

A

lungs will respond by taking deeper slower breaths to help get rid of CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how would the kidneys compensate when the blood is alkalotic

A

the kidneys would excrete more bicarbonate in the urine than normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how would the lungs compensate to blood that is alkalotic

A

the lungs would compensate by breathing faster to try to increase CO2 in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what should the health history for acid-base imbalance patients include?

A
  1. chronic conditions that might cause imbalance (COPD/diabetes)
  2. current/ recent signs and symptoms that might predispose pt to an imbalance (diarrhea/ vomiting)
  3. current use of medications, OTC drugs, or herbal supplements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the purpose of ABG monitoring

A

to help determine what kind of acid-base imbalance is occurring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the normal PaCO2 (AKA partial pressure of CO2)

A

35-45 mmHG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do PaCO2 levels indicate?

A

how well the lungs are functioning in blowing off or retaining CO2 as needed

20
Q

Normal HCO3 (bicarbonate) levels

A

21-28 mEq/L
OR
21-28 mmol/L

21
Q

what do HCO3 levels indicate?

A

how well the kidneys are excreting or absorbing bicarbonate as needed

22
Q

the best way to promote acid-base balance is to:

A

practice health promotion and live a healthy lifestyle

i.e.- smoking cessation/ healthy diet/ regular exercise

23
Q

_______ is the process to control cellular growth, replication, and differentiation to maintain homeostasis

A

cellular regulation

24
Q

risk factors for impaired cellular growth include: (8 major ones)

A
  1. older age (55 and over but esp. 70 and older)
  2. smoking
  3. physical inactivity
  4. poor nutrition
  5. environmental pollutants
  6. certain medications (chemo)
  7. radiation
  8. genetic predisposition
25
Q

3 major characteristics of benign (non cancerous) cellular grown

A
  1. cells mimic the original cell but in excess
  2. cannot spread to other tissue or organs
  3. might obstruct or compress organs
26
Q

3 major characteristics of malignant (cancerous) cellular growth

A
  1. no comparison to original cell over time
  2. replication of abnormal cells leads to significant invasion of health cells, tissues, and organs
  3. tumor formation and invasion of other tissues/organs
27
Q

what are 3 important parts of health history when assessing cellular regulation

A
  1. pt history
  2. family history
  3. psychosocial history
28
Q

what is important to note during physical exam when assessing cellular regulation?

A
  • visible/palpable masses
  • pain
  • difficulty breathing
29
Q

what are the diagnostic tests used to diagnose impaired cellular regulation

A
  • CT
  • MRI
  • colonoscopy
  • endoscopy
  • lab testing (biopsy/ blood work)
30
Q

what is the goal of primary interventions as they pertain to cellular regulation

A

primary interventions aim to minimize the risk of developing impaired cellular regulation

31
Q

what are the 5 primary interventions to prevent impaired cellular regulation

A
  1. minimize exposure to sun and UV
  2. stop smoking/ using tobacco products
  3. high fiber and low saturated fat intake
  4. increase physical activity/ regular exercise
  5. avoid exposure to environmental hazards
32
Q

what is the purpose of secondary interventions as they pertain to cellular regulation

A

secondary interventions aim to detect and diagnose cellular regulation impairment early on

33
Q

what is an example of secondary interventions for impaired cellular regulation?

A

proper and frequent screenings

34
Q

________ is a multi-step process in which blood forms a protein based structure in an area of tissue injury to stop excess bleeding while still maintaining whole body perfusion

A

clotting

35
Q

explain the 5 step process of clotting

A
  1. platelets (aka thrombocytes) circulate in blood until they are needed/ tissue injury occurs
  2. when a tissue injury occurs the platelets become sticky and clump together to form a semi-solid plug at injury site
  3. this aggregation of platelets activates the clotting cascade in which plasma proteins and enzymes work together to create a fibrin clot
  4. once the vasculature is repaired, the fibrinolytic system is activated to break down the clot
36
Q

excess platelets or excess stickiness of platelets that leads to impaired blood flow is known as ________________

A

hypercoagulability

37
Q

5 major risk factors for INCREASED clotting

A
  1. immobility/decrease in mobility
  2. polycythemia
  3. smoking
  4. diabetes
  5. atrial fibrillation
38
Q

5 major risk factors for DECREASED clotting

A
  1. thrombocytopenia
  2. chemotherapeutic drugs
  3. corticosteroids
  4. liver cirrhosis
  5. recessive sex-links hemophilia A or B
39
Q

what are the physiologic consequences of increased clotting?

A
  • venous thrombosis
  • embolus
  • ischemic stroke
  • pulmonary embolism
40
Q

what are the s/s of deceased clotting INTERNALLY

A
  • hemorrhagic stroke
  • GI bleed (frank or occult bleeding in stool)
  • hematuria (bleeding in urinary tract)
41
Q

what are the s/s of decreased clotting EXTERNALLY

A
  • epistaxis (nosebleed)
  • prolonged bleeding @ sight of soft tissue injury
  • purapura
42
Q

s/s to look out for in pt with risk of decreased clotting

A
  • ecchymosis
  • petichiae
  • prolonged bleeding
  • occult or frank blood in stool or urine
  • bleeding of gums or nose
43
Q

s/s to look out for in pt with risk of excessive clotting

A
  • venous thrombosis

- localized redness, swelling, or warmth

44
Q

arterial thrombosis s/s

A
  • decreased blood flow distal to obstruction
  • pale/cool skin
  • weak/absent pulses
45
Q

2 tests used to measure clotting factor levels and bleeding time

A
  1. Prothrombin time (PT)

2. activated partial throomboplastin time (aTTP)

46
Q

what test do we use to test the effectiveness of warfarin?

A

international normalized ratio (INR)

47
Q

interventions to PROMOTE adequate clotting

A
  • educate pt to report unusual bleeding/ bruising immediately
  • drink adequate fluids
  • avoid crossing the legs
  • ambulate frequently
  • stop smoking
  • be alert for redness, swelling, and warmth of lower extremities

Adult Health 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions