Chapter Two

Question 1

What is a mental organ?

Answer 1

Localized parts of the brain. Includes domains such as language and colour.

Question 2

What is an Innate predisposition?

Answer 2

To behave or perceive the world in a particular way. Include self esteem, secretiveness.

Question 3

What is a mode of operation?

Answer 3

Various ways in which knowledge can be recruited for different kinds of tasks.

Question 4

Domain general

Answer 4

Anything that is not confined to one particular domain for processing

Question 5

Domain specific

Answer 5

functionally specialized regions in the brain that are domain specific for different cognitive processes.

Question 6

What were the 4 aristotelian faculties?

Answer 6

memory, perception, attention and reasoning.

Question 7

Modularity

Answer 7

refers to the idea that complex neural systems responsible for some task (e.g. under- standing a sentence) are organized into subcomponents – which are functionally independent of one another.

Question 8

Cross modal perception

Answer 8

isperceptionthat involves interactions between two or more differentsensory modalities.

Question 9

Vertical Faculty

Answer 9

Domain Specific tasks.

Question 10

Horizontal faculty

Answer 10

Domain General tasks.

Question 11

Grapheme to phoneme conversion?

Answer 11

retrieves the pronunciation of a sequence of letters.

Question 12

Lexical vs nonlexical processing?

Answer 12

Lexical - letter identification => to speech output.
(BOOK)
Non lexical - – does not require words as units to be looked up. Can pronounce sequences of letters as long as it can be pronounced, regardless of whether it exists as a word or not. (VOOK)

Question 13

What is surface dyslexia?

Answer 13

Surface dyslexia is the impairment to the lexical route. The associated disruption would be in the orthographic lexicon.
- patients with this kind of disorder cannot recognize a word as a whole

Question 14

What is Phonological dyslexia?

Answer 14

Phonological dyslexia is the impairment to the non lexical route. The associated disruption would be in the grapheme- phoneme conversion.
- Phonological dyslexia is extreme difficulty reading that is a result of phonological impairment, meaning the ability to manipulate the basic sounds of language.

Question 15

What is a single dissociation?

Answer 15

asingle dissociationis when a manipulation leaves one cognitive function (say, A) intact whilst severing another (say, B).

Question 16

What is a double dissociation?

Answer 16

Double Dissociationis when two related mental processes are shown to function independently of each other.

Question 17

What mental representations are stored in the Orthographic Lexicon?

Answer 17

Definition of words.

Question 18

What mental representations are stored in the Phonological Lexicon?

Answer 18

Pronunciation of words.

Question 19

Which of the following are exception words?

Bead, Leopard, Hand, Pint, Hope, Yacht, Love, Stove, Head

Answer 19

Leopard, Pint, Yacht.

Question 20

Faculty of articulate speech

Answer 20

The faculty of articulate speech was Broca’s search for the cortical region, which he believed if existed was different from the general language faculty.

Question 21

General Faculty of Language

Answer 21

: The faculty of establishing a constant relation between an idea and sign, wether this sign be a sound, a gesture, a fugure, or any other trace.

Question 22

What part of language was impaired in “Aphemia”?

Answer 22

Aphasiais an acquired communication disorder caused by damage to the brain that is manifest in an impairment of the ability to transmit or exchange information and feelings, especially in speaking, and it may also affect writing, comprehension of spoken language, and reading.

Question 23

What is functional architecture?

Answer 23

depicts in abstract form the processes and connections involved in carrying out a particular set of cognitive operations.

Question 24

What is Wernike’s Aphasia?

Answer 24

In this form of aphasia the ability to grasp the meaning of spoken words and sentences is impaired, while the ease of producing connected speech is not very affected.

Question 25

What is Broca’s Aphasia?

Answer 25

Patients have difficulty producing grammatical sentences and their speech is limited mainly to short utterances of less than four words. Producing the right sounds or finding the right words is often a laborious process

Question 26

Connections between letters are?

Answer 26

Inhibitory.

Question 27

The connections from letters to word units are…

Answer 27

Excitatory and inhibitory.

Question 28

The connections from word units to letter units are…

Answer 28

Excitatory