Chapter Summaries of 3 and 4 Flashcards
A fact is something known with certainty through…?
observation, experience, and measurement.
A fact can be objectively…?
demonstrated and verified.
A fact is something that…
people agree corresponds to reality.
It is not easy for us to determine whether facts…
correspond to reality.
Facts correspond with reality when…?
theirs repeated feedback and testing.
The amount of certainty we feel about the validity of our facts…
affects our decisions and actions.
Feelings are facts; they distort or enhance our…?
perceptions, depending on how conscious we are of their presence.
Facts are not absolutes but..
statements of probability.
Because we are dependent on confirmation from others in our search for facts…
social pressures can lead us to distrust or distort our own perceptions.
Our senses are limited both in range and capacity are are affected by many factors including…?
selective focus and mental preoccupations.
Facts must be expressed in carefully formulated statements like…
define their own limitations, they are objectively used, appropriate qualifiers, state the obvious, not inappropriately cautious, no include guesses or inferences, specific and offer their evidence for others to verify.
The standards traditionally used to determine facts are verifiability, reliability, probability, plausibility, accuracy and currency….
Facts have to undergo the teste of time and repetition and not contradict other known facts.
The word infer means
to derive by reasoning, to conclude, to guess.
When we infer, we use our imaginaition or reasoning to provide…
explanations for situations where all the facts are not yet available.
Responsible report writing or descriptive writing lets…?
the facts speak for themselves as much as possible.
Responsible reporting often means taking the time to find the right words to describe…?
the obvious and abandon inferences that can’t be supported.
Writing that offers specific detailed support for its…?
conclusions makes interesting writing.
Reasonable inferences can be used in descriptive writing to…??
tie facts together.
Care must be take to distinguish…?
facts from inferences, nevertheless.
In solving problems, inferences can be used…
a strategy in planning and choosing alternatives.
When we think well, we assess all facts, derive as many inferences as we can, and…
devise strategies for confirming or obtaining more information.
Detectives and consultants of all kinds are valued for their ability to…
examine facts and make the best inferences from them.
Inferences tend to build on inferences in…
chains of association.
A series of inferences can mislead us into….
flights of imagination, away from reliable knowledge.
Facts and inferences are linked together through….
generalizations.
Facts have little significance in themselves until generalizations or laws can….?
can be derived from them.
We have to make sure we do not generalize too soon without a….
careful examination of the evidence.
The topic sentence of a paragraph is a generalization that summarizes the…
main idea to be developed in that paragraph.
Observation helps determine facts, imagination and reasoning link the facts with explanations, and a generalization ties all this information …
together into a meaningful whole.
