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Chapter Summaries Flashcards

1
Q

What was the first responsible government bill and what did it do? Who signed it?

A

The first bill was the Rebellion Losses Bill that gave families affected by the rebellions money to rebuild their farms. Even though Elgin didn’t agree with the bill, he still signed it because the people wanted it.

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2
Q

What was the leader of the fight for responsible government in Nova Scotia?

A

Joseph Howe

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3
Q

What caused the depression in 1840?

A

The Reciprocity Agreement with the US

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4
Q

What did the Royal Proclamation do to Quebec?

A

It made it so that Quebec was ruled by a governor.

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5
Q

Most of the people to came to Canada during the Great Migration were….

A

People forced off of their land in Britain

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6
Q

What kind of government did W. L. Mackenzie want?

A

A US style Republican government

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7
Q

Most of the people who settled in New Brunswick were….

A

United Empire Loyalists

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8
Q

The Orange Order was mainly composed of….

A

Irish Protestants loyal to Britain

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9
Q

What did Durham want to do the French culture through union?

A

He wanted to dilute the French culture.

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10
Q

What did the corn act o to colonial goods?

A

It gave them preferential treatments in price

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11
Q

What did Macdonald want Canada to be in relation to Britain?

A

He wanted it to be an auxiliary kingdom of Britain

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12
Q

Newfoundland attended the second confederation conference only because of…

A

Pressure from Britain

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13
Q

What did the Reform Act of 1832 do?

A

It made it so that the Middle Class got the vote instead of the nobles. This meant that in order to be elected, members of legislature had to listen to middle class concerns.

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14
Q

What did the Reform Act of 1832 do in relation to colonialism?

A

Because the political and economic focus was switched to the middle class, Mercantilism and colonialism were slowly phased out, as they were designed to benefit the upper class.

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15
Q

What did the Royal Proclamation do to the Aboriginal people?

A

It gave them a lot of land (mainly west of the Mississippi River) to use. However, the land was slowly taken back.

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16
Q

What was the community of Upper Canada like?

A

The main colonial leaders of Upper Canada were either loyalists or members of the British gentry. This led to a very British government that angered many colonists that came to Upper Canada in order to escape Britain.

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17
Q

Who were the family compact?

A

The family compact was a group of loyalists who controlled the executive council. They also owned the best land in Upper Canada.

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18
Q

What were the Clergy Reserves?

A

They were pieces of land set aside to aid the Anglican church in financial matters. They took up around 1/7 of the land in Upper Canada.

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19
Q

What caused land disputes in Upper Canada?

A

Land disputes were mainly caused by the desire of the government to emulate the British system of social class. This angered immigrants who wanted American democracy. However, the government did not like democracy, as it was what caused Britain to lose the US.

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20
Q

What were the ships that the immigrants traveled in to come to Canada?

A

They were called coffin ships because they were overcrowded and polluted.

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21
Q

What was the oligarchy in Lower Canada called?

A

The Chateau Clique.

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22
Q

Why was there a need for government reform in both Canada’s?

A

Because all of the power was placed in the hands of oligarchies, there was no responsibility to the people. The legislative council, which was appointed by members of the oligarchy controlled executive council, could veto any law passed by the legislative assembly.

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23
Q

Who was the person who first spoke out against the oligarchies and what happened to him?

A

Robert Gourley spoke out against the government and was promptly arrested.

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24
Q

Who was the radical reformer who was appointed to the legislative assembly?

A

William Lyon Mackenzie, who would later lead the rebellions of 1837.

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25
Describe how successful the 1837 rebellions were.
While the rebellions themselves did not succeed, with many rebels being shipped off to Tasmania as punishment, they forced the British government to look at what was wrong with the colonies in order to prevent future uprisings.
26
Who was the person appointed to report on the state of Upper and Lower Canada and what did he say in his report?
Lord Durham was appointed to report on the two Canada's. In his report, he recommended both the union of the two Canada's and responsible government. Only the union part was taken up by the British.
27
What happened to the First Nations people after the union of Canada?
The First Nations people were forced to live on reserves. The Gradual Civilization Act also wanted to assimilate the First Nations people by slowly making them British citizens.
28
Why did the British start to slowly let go of the colonies?
The colonies were becoming very expensive to take care of. Furthermore, the economic protection that mercantilism provided was beginning to hurt the British economy, as it meant that the British could not obtain the cheapest prices for food and other goods.
29
Why was the threat of American invasion amplified after the American civil war?
The Northern states, which had won the war, had more army than the entire population of the colonies.
30
Why were the maritime regions originally opposed to confederation? What made them change?
The maritime regions were originally opposed to confederation because of their strong cultural identity. However, after rumors that the states were going to end their reciprocity agreement, the maritime regions began to negotiate confederation.
31
Who broke the deadlock in government and why did he do it?
George Brown broke the deadlock. He did this because he knew that mercantilism was beginning to end, and Canada had to confederate in order to compete in the emerging free market economy.
32
What were the confederation conferences and what did they produce?
They were conferences held to negotiate the terms of the confederation. They produced the 72 resolutions, which detailed the terms of confederation.
33
What act officially created the Dominion of Canada?
The 1867 British North America Act.
34
How did the British North America Act separate government?
It separated it into the Legislative, Judicial, and Executive branches.
35
Who were the two companies involved in the Fur Trade? On which method of travel did they rely upon?
The HBC and the NWC. They both relied on water travel. The HBC used larger sailing ships while the NWC used more traditional canoes modeled upon First Nations canoes.
36
How were the First Nations involved in the fur trade?
The First Nations became highly involved in all aspects of the fur trade, from trapping to trading and guiding. They were also forced to spend a lot of time away from their families in order to be involved in the trade.
37
What effect did the fur trade have on the First Nations?
The fur trade brought the First Nations in contact with Europeans, which spread disease to them. When animals in areas were cleared due to the fur trade, the First Nations had to move in fear of starvation due to lack of food.
38
Who were the Metis?
They were half breeds who hailed from both First Nations and European heritage.
39
Where did many Metis people settle?
The Red River Colony.
40
What animal did the Metis regularly hunt and depend upon to survive?
They hunted Bison.
41
Who was the person who came and settled near Red River? What did he want to do?
The Earl of Selkirk, who was one of the heads of the HBC. He felt that he could help the HBC by establishing a colony near Red River.
42
Who did Selkirk have lead the expedition to Red River?
Miles Macdonnell.
43
Why did Macdonnell ban the sale of pemmican? What did this ban do?
He banned the sale of pemmican because he had already experienced a year of failed harvest in the colony, and feared that if he continued to allow the export of pemmican, his harvest would fail again, and the Selkirk Settlement would also fail. The ban angered the Metis and the NWC, who both relied heavily upon pemmican.
44
Why did the HBC and NWC merge? What name did they take on?
Their struggle for the control of the fur trade left them both near bankrupt. Furthermore, upon merging, they gained a huge amount of land and a subsequent monopoly. Their new name was the HBC.
45
Who was the first head of the new HBC?
George Simpson.
46
Why did the HBC sell Rupert's Land to the government? Why did the government want Rupert's Land?
Rupert's land was becoming extremely expensive to maintain. The government wanted the land because it desired a coast to coast Canada.
47
Which party's voices were ignored in the sale of Rupert's Land? How did the government try to amend this? Why did the amendment not work?
The Metis' voices were ignored. The government tried to amend this by providing the Red River Colony with a provisional government, but the provisional government was accidentally given sovereign rights.
48
Who led the Red River Rebellion? What caused the rebellion?
Louis Riel led the rebellion. Instead of waiting for the government to come to him and take his land, he decided instead to strike at the government.
49
Who was the man that Riel executed? What did the execution spark?
Thomas Scott. His execution sparked the Manitoba Act, which created the province of Manitoba.
50
Who was given amnesty after the creation of Manitoba?
The entire provisional government except Riel himself, who had fled to the States in fear of his life.
51
What did the Manitoba Act seem to do? Why, in practice, did it not do this?
The Manitoba Act seemed to protect Metis rights, as much of it was based off of the Metis list of rights. However, Ottawa in general didn't like the Metis, and sent people to Manitoba to keep watch over them. Many people also wanted revenge for Thomas Scott, so human rights abuses like rape were regularly committed.
52
What were the Metis land problems caused by?
Ottawa made it so that Metis people could only claim their rightful land by using a declaration that was worth around 240 dollars.
53
Where did many of the Metis move?
To Saskatchewan.
54
Who was the HBC head at Saskatchewan who didn't like the Metis? How did he abuse the Metis?
Clarke. He made it so that the Metis were subject to very low pay, and that the Metis who objected to the low pay were arrested.
55
What illegal trade took place between Europeans and the Metis? Where was the center of the trade? What police force was created in response to the trade?
The whiskey fur trade was the illegal trade that took place mainly in Fort Whoop Up. The North West Mountain Police were created in response to the whiskey trade.
56
What did the Indian Act do?
The Indian Act was a giant act created to assimilate the Aboriginal people. It created residential schools, etc.
57
What caused the North West Uprising?
The Metis became fed up with the government and were unsure of their rights. Their petitions to the government were ignored, as the government wasn't about to give up profitable land, so the Metis called Riel back to lead them.
58
Why did Clarke feign support for the Metis? How did he help stage a failed rebellion?
Clarke was a businessman, and was scared that the government was eventually going to give in to Metis protests and grant them land. Instead, he told Riel that he supported the Metis cause. Riel then told him to go the government and help deduce their intentions. Clarke came back and told Riel that the government was about to attack, which was a lie, so Riel decided to attack first.
59
Where were the battles of the North West Uprising staged?
Duck Lake, Fish Creek, and Batoche
60
What happened to Riel after his failed rebellion? What happened to the Metis?
Riel was executed soon after his surrender after the failed uprising. The Metis ended up neglected.
61
How did Macdonald originally get funding for the railroad?
He got funding for the railroad from an American entrepreneur called Hugh Allen
62
What was the Pacific Scandel?
The deal between Allen and Macdonald was leaked, and caused a huge controversy. It appeared as though the Canadian government was in the pockets of American companies. Thus, Macdonald was forced out of office.
63
What did Alexander Mackenzie do in relation to the railway?
He surveyed BC lands and tried to determine the best route that the railway would take.
64
What was the National Policy?
It was Macdonald's platform for reelection. It consisted of... 1) Protective tariffs against American goods. 2) Immigration to the West 3) Completion of the railway
65
How did Macdonald get funding for the railroad the second time around?
He got the CPR syndicate to build the railroad in exchange for cash.
66
Who did the CPR Syndicate appoint to help build the railway?
Van Horne.
67
What allowed the railroad to be build 5 years ahead of time?
The North West Uprisings. The railroad allowed troops to easily deal with the uprisings, and after people got to see why the railroad was needed, cash poured in.
68
What were Residential Schools?
They were schools that were made to assimilate Aboriginal children. They followed the national policy of cultural extinction and had very bad living conditions.
69
Who were the people who campaigned for women's voting rights? Why did they campaign?
Suffragists. They were convinced that the skill of women would be beneficial to male dominated governments.
70
What are the three basic economic questions?
1) What is to be produced 2) How is it to be produced 3) For whom will it be produced
71
What are the four different kinds of resources?What is a resource based economy?
Land, human, and capital resources. A resource based economy is an economy that relies on the extraction or processing of materials.
72
How many hectares do BC forests cover?
Over 60 million.
73
How much of BC's forests are protected?
13.8 percent
74
What was the 1912 forestry act?
It was an act that established enforcement and sustainable forestry.
75
What is the allowable annual cut?
It is the annual amount of timber that can be cut down.
76
How did BC turn into a crown colony from a colony owned by the HBC?
The gold rush established the fact that BC actually had valuable resources. Thus, the crown took it, as it was much more severe to steal from the crown than the HBC.
77
What were the two main resources of the BC fur trade?
Sea otter in the Maritime colony, Beaver in the Mainland colony.
78
What did the Oregon territory contain?
1/2 of BC, Washington, and 1/2 of Oregon.
79
Why did the Oregon territory come under dispute between Britain and the US?
It contained parts of both BC and the US. Both US and British fur traders were also in the area.
80
Why did James Douglas build a bunch of forts on Vancouver Island?
He knew that the US would want to claim the Island, so he built forts to secure the island so the US couldn't take it. As a result, the Canadian - US border was changed to go around the southern part of Vancouver Island.
81
What slogan did President Polk campaign on?
54'40 or fight!
82
Where was the marketplace for BC fur trade?
China for the maritime trade, Europe for the land based trade.
83
What infrastructure was used in the BC fur trade?
Ships and HBC forts for the maritime trade, River systems and HBC stores for the land trade.
84
Why was gold the mining industry of choice?
Gold didn't have to be processed - it only needed minimal infrastructure in people and a pan.
85
Which two places did the Caribou Wagon Road connect?
The lower mainland to Barkerville
86
Why did fishing in BC experience a slow start?
1) Lack of technology (canning, refrigeration) 2) Lack of infrastructure (fishing fleet, canneries) 3) Lack of workers 4) Lack of start up capital
87
Why did fishing experience a boom during the 1900s to 1920s?
1) Invention of canning, refrigeration 2) Foreign investment 3) Arrival of experienced workers (Japanese in Steveston)
88
What did Douglas become after Head of the HBC?
The governor of both the Island and Mainland colonies.
89
What pull factors brought people to BC?
``` The Gold Rush Fishing, lumber, mining industries Land Jobs Culture ```
90
What push factors brought Asians to BC?
Overcrowding Poverty Famine
91
What push factors brought whites to BC?
Overcrowding Lack of land Political restrictions

Socials 10 (10 decks)

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