Chapter Six Practice Test Flashcards
After repeated pairings of a tone with meat powder, Pavlov found
that a dog will salivate when the tone is presented. Salivation to the
tone is a(n):
A. unconditioned stimulus.
B. unconditioned response.
C. conditioned stimulus.
D. conditioned response.
D. conditioned response.
Sam’s wife always wears the same black nightgown whenever she is
“in the mood” for sexual relations. Sam becomes sexually aroused as
soon as he sees his wife in the nightgown. For Sam, the nightgown
is a(n):
A. unconditioned stimulus.
B. unconditioned response.
C. conditioned stimulus.
D. conditioned response.
C. conditioned stimulus.
Watson and Rayner (1920) conditioned “Little Albert” to fear white
rats by banging a hammer on a steel bar as he played with a white
rat. Later, it was discovered that Albert feared not only white rats but
white stuffed toys and Santa’s beard as well. Albert’s fear of these
other objects can be attributed to:
A. shaping.
B. stimulus generalization.
C. stimulus discrimination.
D. an overactive imagination
B. stimulus generalization.
The phenomenon of higher-order conditioning shows that:
A. only a genuine, natural UCS can be used to establish a CR.
B. auditory stimuli are easier to condition than visual stimuli.
C. visual stimuli are easier to condition than auditory stimuli.
D. an already established CS can be used in the place of a natural
UCS.
D. an already established CS can be used in the place of a natural
UCS.
Which of the following statements is (are) true?
A. Classical conditioning regulates reflexive, involuntary responses
exclusively.
B. Operant conditioning regulates voluntary responses exclusively.
C. The distinction between the two types of conditioning is not
absolute, with both types jointly and interactively governing
some aspects of behavior.
D. A and B.
C. The distinction between the two types of conditioning is not
absolute, with both types jointly and interactively governing
some aspects of behavior.
In a Skinner box, the dependent variable usually is:
A. the force with which the lever is pressed or the disk is pecked.
B. the schedule of reinforcement used.
C. the rate of responding.
D. the speed of the cumulative recorder.
C. the rate of responding.
A primary reinforcer has ____________ reinforcing properties; a secondary
reinforcer has ____________ reinforcing properties.
A. biological; acquired
B. conditioned; unconditioned
C. weak; potent
D. immediate; delayed
A. biological; acquired
The steady, rapid responding of a person playing a slot machine is
an example of the pattern of responding typically generated on a
____________ schedule of reinforcement.
A. fixed-ratio
B. variable-ratio
C. fixed-interval
D. variable-interval
B. variable-ratio
Positive reinforcement ________ the rate of responding; negative
reinforcement _________the rate of responding.
A. increases; decreases
B. decreases; increases
C. increases; increases
D. decreases; decreases
C. increases; increases
Research on avoidance learning suggests that conditioned fear acquired
through _________ conditioning plays a key role.
A. classical
B. operant
C. reinforcement
D. intermittent
A. classical
The studies by Garcia and his colleagues demonstrate that rats easily
learn to associate a taste CS with a(n) _____________ UCS.
A. shock
B. visual
C. auditory
D. nausea-inducing
D. nausea-inducing
According to Rescorla, the strength of a conditioned response depends
on:
A. the number of trials in which the CS and UCS are paired.
B. the number of trials in which the CS is presented alone.
C. the predictive value of the CS.
D. the schedule of reinforcement employed.
C. the predictive value of the CS.
The current thinking on evolution and whether there are universal
laws of learning is that:
A. only mammals respond to operant conditioning.
B. species-specific learning tendencies are a myth.
C. due to differences in the adaptive challenges faced by various
species, learning has evolved along somewhat different paths in
different species.
D. only mammals respond to classical conditioning.
C. due to differences in the adaptive challenges faced by various
species, learning has evolved along somewhat different paths in
different species.
Albert Bandura:
A. was the first to describe species-specific learning tendencies.
B. was the founder of behaviorism.
C. pioneered the study of classical conditioning.
D. pioneered the study of observational learning
D. pioneered the study of observational learning
In designing a self-modification program, control of antecedents
should be used:
A. by people who are in poor physical condition.
B. only when your usual reinforcers are unavailable.
C. when you want to decrease the frequency of a response.
D. when you are initially not capable of making the target response.
C. when you want to decrease the frequency of a response
