chapter six

Question 1

serial position curve

Answer 1

better recalling of items at the beginning and end of a list

Question 2

primacy effect

Answer 2

• better recall of items at the beginning of a sequence
• occurs because there is more time to rehearse items at the start of a list
• greater rehearsal time = increases likelihood of transfer to LTM for later retrieval

Question 3

recency effect

Answer 3

• better recall of items at the end of a sequence
• occurs because the items at the end of a list are still accessible from STM

Question 4

coding

Answer 4

the representation of a stimulus or experience by neural firing

Question 5

coding representation in the mind

Answer 5

• visual code: imagery
• auditory code: sound-based
• semantic code: meaning-based

Question 6

decay

Answer 6

loss of information over time without rehearsal

Question 7

interference

Answer 7

when other material interferes with what is already in memory

Question 8

proactive interference

Answer 8

• old information interferes with learning new information
• can be released/reduced if new information is dissimilar from the old information

Question 9

retroactive interference

Answer 9

new information interferes with old information

Question 10

evidence for SEPERATE areas for LTM and STM

Answer 10

• patient HM had damage to the hippocampus (associated with LTM) but STM was still intact
• patient KF had damage to the parietal lobe (associated with STM) but LTM was still intact

Question 11

evidence for OVERLAPPING areas for LTM and STM

Answer 11

• rangnath and d’esposito found brain activity in the hippocampus (associated with LTM) during short-term retention

Question 12

evidence for seperate areas for episodic and semantic memory

Answer 12

• double dissociation in impaired episodic and semantic memory

Question 13

INTERACTIONS between the episodic and semantic memory

Answer 13

• knowledge (semantic memory) influences our experiences (episodic memory)
• autobiographical memory: memories of life experience can be a combination of semantic and episodic memory

Question 14

the remember/know procedure

Answer 14

• reveals two ways of remembering: familiarity and recollection

Question 15

familiarity (remember/know procedure)

Answer 15

• remembering without details of how it relates to one’s past experience
• associated with semantic memory

Question 16

recollection (remember/know procedure)

Answer 16

• remembering details of a past experience
• associated with episodic memory

Question 17

semanticization of remote memories

Answer 17

loss of episodic details in memories making them more general / abstract

Question 18

constructive episodic simulation hypothesis

Answer 18

• episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events
• helps in identifying future needs and guides future behaviours

Question 19

interaction between procedural memory and semantic memory

Answer 19

• patient lsj had intact procedural memory and semantic knowledge associated with how to do things

Question 20

priming

Answer 20

presentation of a stimulus that impacts later responding

Question 21

repetition priming

Answer 21

• the priming stimulus (initial stimulus) is the same as the test stimulus (stimulus that is presented after the priming stimulus)
• thought to involve implicit memory because one might not be aware of the priming stimulus
• “tab___ / table” experiment

Question 22

examples of implicit memories

Answer 22

• propaganda effect
• classical conditioning

Question 23

propaganda effect

Answer 23

• even when unaware of a prior encounter with a statement, the earlier exposure increases the likelihood that the statement is perceived as “true”

Question 24

classical conditioning

Answer 24

• exhibiting a conditioned response without being aware of the conditioning that took place