Chapter review Flashcards
Sharps container
A puncture-proof container designed specifically to safely dispose of needles, scalpels, and other sharp disposable medical instruments. It is labeled with a Biohazard symbol.
Biohazard bag
A container designed to collect any biological waste or product that has been contaminated with biological waste. Example: gloves, gauze, bandages and other items that are not sharp.
Patient temperature range from:
97.6 to 99.6 degrees Fahrenheit (36.4 to 37.6 degrees Celsius)
Oral temperature above _____________ is considered a fever.
100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.8 degrees Celsius)
Rectal or Ear temperature above __________ is considered fever.
101 degrees Fahrenheit (38.3 degrees Celsius)
In a pediatric patient, the reading is considered a fever when the rectal temperature is __________
100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) or above.
What is the normal blood pressure?
Systolic is less than 120 and diastolic is less than 80 (120/80).
Prehypertension stage
Systolic is 120 to 139 or the diastolic is 80 to 89.
Hypertension stage 1
Systolic range is 140 to 159 or diastolic is 90 to 99.
Hypertension stage 2
Systolic is 160 or higher or the diastolic is 100 or higher.
Hypertensive crisis
Systolic is higher than 180 or the diastolic is higher than 110.
Hypotension stage
Systolic is less than 90 and the diastolic is less than 60.
A patient’s pulse or heart rate typically ranges from __________
60 to 100 beats per minute during the resting rate.
A trained athlete’s heart rate may be closer to _________
40 beats per minute.
Tachycardia
A resting heart rate consistently above 100 beats per minute.
Bradycardia
Less than 60 beats per minute.
At what beats reading should you observe for signs of fainting, such as dizziness or shortness of breath?
When the heart beats more than 100 beats per minute or less than 60.
What is the normal respiration rate?
12 to 20 respirations per minute.
At what respiration reading should a patient be observed for pale, ashen, or Cyanotic skin that may be cold to the touch?
Above or below 12 to 20.
What does vital signs include?
Blood pressure, temperature, pulse and respirations.
What does the blood pressure reading measure?
The pressure of the blood against the walls of the artery.
How many sections is the blood pressure readings divided into and what are they called?
2 sections, Systolic and Diastolic.
Systole
Is when the heart contracts
Diastole
Is when the heart relaxes.
Sphygmomanometer is also called a ___________ and is used to __________
A blood pressure cuff and is used to measure a patient’s blood pressure.
How many inches should the blood pressure cuff be placed above the bend in elbow?
1 inch.
How many mm per second should you release the dial on the bulb?
2 mm per second.
How long should you wait before retaking a patient’s blood pressure?
1 to 2 minutes.
Heart rate
Provides information about the heart’s rhythm, volume, and vessel elasticity.
How long should you count the number of beats taken from the wrist?
If counting the number of beats by 30 seconds, multiply by 2 or count the number of beats for 1 minute.
If there is any irregularity in the rhythm, the pulse must be measured for how many minute(s).
1 full minute.
Respirations
The vital sign assessment of observing the number of times the chest rises in 1 minute.
Automatic Sphygmomanometer
Also may be used to measure a patient’s blood pressure. It is place 1 inch above the brachial artery.
Temperature
A measure of the body’s ability to generate and lose heat.
What areas the temperature can be taken?
Oral, tympanic membrane (aurally), temporal artery, or the axillary (under arm).
What is the most common area the temperature is taken?
Oral
What area is the most accurate temperature obtained?
Rectal
What factors can affect the patient’s temperature and how long should you wait before taking the temperature?
Drinking, eating, smoking, or exercising. 30 minutes.
When should you avoid taking the temperature rectally?
If the patient has hemorrhoids, rectal bleeding or surgery, a tendency of bleeding, recent prostate surgery, diarrhea, colostomy, severe heart disease, or rash in the rectal area.
What position should the patient be placed when taking the temperature rectally?
Sim’s position
Sim’s position
Patient lies on the left side with the right knee sharply bent and resting on the exam table.
How many inches should you insert the thermometer into the rectal when taking temperature for adult and children under 6 months old?
1 inch if patient is 6 months and older. 1/2 inch if patient is less than 6 months.
Aural temperature
Measures infrared heat waves released by the eardrum using a tympanic thermometer.
Temporal artery temperature
Measures infrared heat waves from the temporal artery under the skin across the forehead.
How to use the forehead thermometer?
Position the sensor head midway between the eyebrow and the hairline in the center of the forehead. Depress the scan button and hold the button while slowly sliding thermometer across the forehead toward the top of the ear, maintaining contact with the skin.
Axillary temperature
Is taken via the armpit and maybe be taken when patient is in a lying or seated position.
What are the two Anthropometric measurements?
Height and Weight.
Pediatric anthropometric measurements
Are recorded to determine growth rate.
What are the two pediatric anthropometric measurements?
Head circumference (usually performed from birth to 3 years) and length (performed until the child can stand).
What position(s) should the patient be when measuring head circumference?
Supine position, on the parent’s lab or sitting if able to do so unassisted.
Supine Position
Patient lies on his or her back.
How to measure head circumference?
Hold the zero mark of the tape measure against the patient’s forehead and bring it around the head just above the ears until the tape meets. Record the reading, rounding to a 1/2 inch or 1 millimeter.
How to measure an infant’s weight?
Undress the patient and remove diaper. Make sure that the scale reading is at 0. Place patient in the center of the scale. Move the weights on the scale until it is balanced, and record the weight.
How to measure an infant’s length?
Place patient in the Supine position. Gently extend the patient’s leg and measure the length from the head to the foot. Record the patient’s length.
What is the formula to convert Celsius reading to Fahrenheit?
Celsius x 9 = _____ / 5 = _____ + 32 = Fahrenheit
What is the formula to convert Fahrenheit reading to Celsius?
Fahrenheit - 32 = _____ x 5 = _____ / 9 = Celsius
How many kilogram (kg) equals 1 pound (lb)?
0.45 kilogram equals 1 pound.
What is the formula to convert pounds to kilograms?
Weight in pounds x 0.45 = kilograms
What is the formula to convert kilograms to pounds?
Weight in kilograms x 2.2 = pounds
What is the formula to convert feet and inches to inches only?
Multiply the feet x 12 = _____ + inches = inches
What is the formula to convert inches to centimeters (cm)?
Multiply inches by 2.54 = centimeters
What is the formula to convert feet and inches to centimeters?
Convert to inches then multiply by 2.54 = centimeters
What is the formula to convert centimeters to inches?
Multiply centimeters by 0.39 = inches
What is the formula to convert inches to feet and inches?
Divide inches by 12 = feet. Multiply the decimal by 12 = inches.
Dorsal Recumbent position
Patient is laid face-up with knees bent.
Fowler’s position
Patient is laid on a table with the head of the table elevated to 90 degrees.
Semi-Fowler’s position
Is a modification of Fowler’s position with the table elevated 45 degrees.
Prone position
Patient is laid flat, face down.
Knee-chest position
Patient rests on knees and the chest with head turned to one side.
Trendelenburg position
Patient is supine and the bottom of the table is raised about 30 degrees.
What are the methods of by which medication is administered?
Oral, Topical and Parenteral.
Name 3 ways Oral medication may be administered.
Liquid, Tablet, or Capsule.
Name 3 routes Injectable medication may be administered.
Intramuscular, Intradermal, and Subcutaneous
What is the appropriate angle when performing an intramuscular injection?
90 degree angle
What is the appropriate angle when performing an intradermal injection?
15 degree angle
What is the appropriate angle when performing a subcutaneous injection?
45 degree angle
Pulmonary Function Test
May be required when a patient’s lung volume is in question. The test can help in the diagnosis of lung disease and the extent to which the disease has progressed in the patient.
How long should the patient refrain from smoking and using nebulizers or bronchodilators before performing a pulmonary function test?
6 hours
Spirometer
A device that measures the volume of air inhaled and exhaled.
What is the most common methods of performing a vision test for far distances?
Snellen Chart
How far should the patient be standing or sitting from the eye chart?
20 feet
If an E chart is used, which row should be read first?
20/70 row
If patient has read row 20/70 successfully, which row should he/she proceed reading?
20/60 row
Which row of the E chart should be recorded in patient’s chart?
The row before the is unable to see the letters on the row or makes more than two mistakes.
Acuity test
To screen near vision; hold the card 14 to 16 inches from the eyes.
What are the types you may cover the wound with?
Bandage, Steri-strips or gauze and tape depending on the physician’s instructions.
Urine tests collection from a patient include:
Routine specimens, Midstream specimens, Clean-catch specimens
Which are the most commonly performed urine test?
Routine specimens
Which urine test requires the patient to urinate a little, collect the specimen, and then continue to empty their bladder in the toilet or other collection receptacles as the care setting dictates?
Midstream specimens
Which urine test requires that the area around the urethral opening of the patient be cleaned by the patient prior to collecting the urine sample?
Clean-catch urine specimens
Sputum testing
Is the most often done to detect lower respiratory tract infections such as tuberculosis(TB).
Which test requires the patient to cough deeply and that the material is expelled is collected with a sterilized container?
Sputum test
First morning tests are ____, but _____
Preferred but they are otherwise best collected 1 hour after a meal.
What are the minimum mL required for most tests?
3 mL to 5 mL
When transporting specimens for immediate processing, at what temperature should the specimens be at?
Room temperature
Saliva testing
Is often used to monitor hormone, drug, and alcohol levels.
At what temperature should the hormone tests should be at when sent to the laboratory for testing?
Frozen
Fecal testing
Is performed to detect the presence of parasites, blood, and bacteria.
Semen tests
Are performed for fertility testing and collected for future insemination; protect from light and keep at body temperature.
Which sample should be tested within 1 hour?
Semen sample
Eye irrigation
Is performed when there is inflammation, drainage, chemicals, or foreign bodies in the patient’s eye.
Ear irrigation
Is performed when ear becomes impacted with Cerumen; solution should be at body temperature.
Pull ear up and back, for adults.
Pull ear down and back, for patient’s younger than 3 years old.
What are the signs that a patient may be in shock?
If patient is gray, ashen, or blue and her skin feels cool to the touch.
What should you do if a patient is in shock?
Ensure that an airway is open, place patient in a supine position and elevate the feet. Apply basic first aid and ensure that patient is seen by the physician or is transported to a hospital.
Syncope
A patient who appears flushed, is heavily sweating, reports of feeling dizzy or nauseated may faint.
What are the temperature range for sterilization?
250 degrees to 320 degrees
What are the frequently used disinfectants?
Cidex and chemical formulations made specifically to kill microbes.
What is one of the least expensive methods of disinfecting?
Bleach and water in a 1:10 solution; may be used before sterilization.
Which veins may be used for Venipuncture?
Median cubical, Basilic, or Cephalic veins.
If neither arm presents a vessel that can be palpated, what is the next choice for Venipuncture?
The dorsal part of the hand. Do not draw to close to tendons and bones in the hand. Patient’s older than 2 years of age or able to walk are evaluated by the same method.
Capillary collection
Is preferred over Venipuncture for infant less than 2 years old when obtaining a blood sample.
What are the appropriate sites to draw blood on a patient under 2 years old?
Scalp, wrist, and medial ankle
When performing capillary collections for patient’s older than 2 years old, what are the sites performed?
On the side of the middle finger or ring finger.
For capillary collections on a patient under 2 years old, where should the draw be performed?
The medial or lateral plantar portions of the heel.
How many minutes should the patient rest before taking the EKG test?
30 minutes
When should the patient empty their bladder prior to EKG?
At least 10 minutes.
What position’s will the patient be in for routine EKG testing?
Supine or Semi-Fowler’s position.
RA lead
White. Attach to the patient’s right arm with the tab facing the upper arm.
LA lead
Black. Attach to the patient’s left arm with the tab facing the upper arm.
RL lead
Green. Attach to the patient’s right leg with the tab facing the upper leg.
LL lead
Red. Attach to the patient’s left leg with the tab facing the upper leg.
V1 lead
Red. Attach to the fourth intercostal space at the right sternal border, tab facing cable yoke.
V2 lead
Yellow. Attach to the fourth intercostal space at the left sternal border, tab facing cable yoke.
V3 lead
Green. Attach halfway between leads V2 and V4 tab, facing the cable yoke.
V4 lead
Blue. Attach to the fifth intercostal space at the left midclavicular line, tab facing the cable yoke.
V5 lead
Orange. Attach on a horizontal line with V4 at the anterior axillary line, tab facing the cable yoke.
V6 lead
Purple. Attach on a horizontal line with V3 at the midaxillary line, tab facing the cable yoke.
What should you determine when placing electrodes for a Holter monitor?
Determine if the monitor is a 3-channel, 5- or 7-lead model and follow the manufacturer’s procedure.
For a 3-channel 7-lead monitor, Channel 1-
White. Right manubrial border of the sternum.
For a 3-channel 7-lead monitor, Channel 1+
Red. Left anterior axillary line 6th rib.
For a 3-channel 7-lead monitor, Channel 2-
Black. Left manubrial border of the sternum.
For a 3-channel 7-lead monitor, Channel 2+
Brown. Approximately 1 inch right of the xiphoid process on the rib.
For a 3-channel 7-lead monitor, Channel 3-
Blue. Center of the manubrium.
For a 3-channel 7-lead monitor, Channel 3+
Orange. Left midclavicular line 6th rib.
For a 3-channel 7-lead monitor, The last lead:
Green. Lower right rib margin over bone.
For a 3-channel 5-lead monitor, Channel 3-
White. Next to right manubrium border on the clavicle.
For a 3-channel 5-lead monitor, Channel 1-, 2-
Red. Centered on the manubrium.
For a 3-channel 5-lead monitor, Channel 2+, 3+
Black. Lower left rib margin over bone.
For a 3-channel 5-lead monitor, Channel 1+
Brown. Lower right rib margin over bone.
For a 3-channel 5-lead monitor, The last lead:
Green. Lower right rib margin over bone.
What complications may occur when a patient is undergoing a stress test?
Shortness of breath, nausea, syncope, and heart attack.
For a patient with a holter monitor, what should the patient keep a record of and for how long?
Activities such as eating, having a bowel movement, exercise, sexual activity, or any activity that is stressful. Record activities for 24 hours.
Is it true or false that the patient is able to get the holter monitor wet?
False.
What should the patient do when he/she is experiencing extreme shortness of breath, chest pains, or dizziness?
Contact the medical facility or seek emergency treatment.
What is the proper position for a patient who is to receive a rectal temperature measurement?
Sim’s position
A patient has been diagnosed with COPD. Upon observation, her skin shows signs of being Cyanotic and is cold to the touch. Which of the vital sign would be expected to be out of range?
Respirations
Which artery is routinely used in performing a manual blood pressure?
Brachial artery
What is the appropriate angle when administering a subcutaneous injection?
45 degrees
What substance that is removed when performing ear irrigation?
Cerumen
What is the appropriate part of the eye at which to aim the solution when beginning to perform an eye irrigation?
Inner canthus
What is 5 feet, 8 inches in centimeters? (Round to nearest whole number)
173 cm
37 degrees Celsius is considered normal adult temperature or fever?
Normal
Systole of 190 is considered ____
Hypertensive crisis
What device is to perform a Pulmonary Function test?
Spirometer
