Chapter Review Flashcards
Consciousness is…
-awareness of one’s self and one’s environment
Biological rhythms are…
-periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning
Biological rhythms are synchronized to…
- external cues
- endogenous cues (from within)
Circadian rhythms occur…
-about once a day
Circadian rhythms are governed by….
-the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the hypothalamus
________, secreted by ________, helps keep the biological clock in phase with the dark-light cycle.
- melatonin
- pineal gland
_________ occurs when circadian rhythms are out of phase with one another.
-internal desynchronization
In the treatment of ____________, light treatments are somewhat effective.
-seasonal-affective disorder (SAD)
In double-blind studies of PMS, they _____ support claims that emotional symptoms are tied to the menstrual cycle in most women, or that the menstrual cycle affects the ability to work or study
-do not
_______ and ________ affect interpretations of bodily and emotional changes.
- expectations
- learning
Periods of REM alternate with non-Rem sleep in a ____minute rhythm.
-90 minute
During REM sleep…
- body is limp
- brain is active
- vivid dreams occur
In humans, sleep is necessary not only for ________ but for __________.
- bodily restoration
- normal mental functioning
Sleep deprivation of even one night can result in reduced…
- mental flexibility
- attention
- creativity
Long periods of sleep-deprivation can result in…
- hallucinations
- delusions
Define: sleep apnea
-breathing periodically stops for a few moments, causing the person to choke or gasp
In _________, a person is subject to irresistible and unpredictable attacks of sleepines or sleep, lasting from 5-30 minutes.
-narcolepsy
Define: REM behavioral disorder
-muscle paralysis of REM sleep does not occur, and people become physically active while they sleep
Scientists believe sleep contributes to…
- consolidation and retention of memories
- enhances problem-solving ability
What are the 4 leading theories of dreams?
- psychoanalytic theory
- problem-solving approach
- cognitive approach
- activation-synthesis theory
Define: psychoanalytic theory of dreams
dreams provide insight into:
- unconscious motives
- forbidden desires
- mental conflicts
Define: problem-solving approach
-dreams reflect concerns of waking life and may help us resolve them
Define: cognitive approach
-dreams are a modification of normal waking cognitive activity
Define: activation-synthesis theory
-dreams occur when the cortex tries to make sense of spontaneous firing of neurons from the pons during REM sleep
Define: hypnosis
a procedure in which the practitioner suggests changes in:
- perception
- sensation
- thought
- feeling
- behavior
What does hypnotic responsiveness depend on?
-it depends more on the efforts and qualities of the subject rather than the skill of the hypnotist
Does hypnosis increase accuracy of memory?
-no
What are the leading theories of hypnosis?
- dissociation theory
- sociocognitive theory
Define: dissociation view of hypnosis
- hypnosis is a split in consciousness
- there is a hypnotized part of the mind, and a hidden observer (or executive control system)
Define: sociocognitive view of hypnosis
-the hypnotized person uses cognitive strategies (ex. imagination) to comply with the suggestions of the hypnotist
Psychoactive drugs alter…
-perception
-cognition
-memory
-mood
-behavior
by changing the body’s biochemistry
Drug classifications, based on their effects on the CNS, include…
-stimulants
-depressants
-opiates
-psychedelics
(marijuana falls outside of these classifications)
The psychology of a drug effects may vary, depending on…
- expectation of the drug’s effects (mental set)
- environmental setting
- previous experience with drug
- a person’s physical condition
