Chapter Review 1,2,3,4,12

Question 1

What are the professions in the field of communication disorders?

Answer 1

Speech-language pathologist 
Audiologists
Speech-language-Hearing scientist
Regular and Special Educators
Psychologists 
Social workers 
Doctors & other medical personnel
Occupational therapist
Physical therapist
Music therapist

Question 2

What are the professional organizations within speech-language? Provide general information.

Answer 2

ASHA (American Speech-Language Hearing Association) = will issue a Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Pathology (CCC-SLP)

State Department of Education = provides certification as teachers of students with speech and language disabilities

State Professional Licensing Board = become licensed as a SLP

Question 3

What is communication?

Answer 3

Communication is an exchange of ideas between sender(s) and receiver(s).

Question 4

How is language defined?

Answer 4

Language is:

• a socially-shared tool
• a rule-governed system
• an arbitrary code
• a generative process
• a dynamic scheme

Question 5

What are the major components of languages?

Answer 5

Form, Content, and Use

Question 6

What does “form” consists of?

Answer 6

Phonology
Morphology
Syntax

Question 7

What is Phonology?

Answer 7

The sound system of English, consists of about 43 phonemes.

Question 8

What is Morphology?

Answer 8

The structure of words that contains both free morphemes and bound morphemes.

Question 9

What is Syntax?

Answer 9

How words are arranged in a sentence and to the ways in which one word may affect another.

Question 10

What is “Content”?

Answer 10

Semantics = the study of meaning within a language

Question 11

Semantic features

Answer 11

The pieces of meaning that come together to define a particular word.

Question 12

What is “Use”?

Answer 12

Pragmatics

Question 13

Pragmatics

Answer 13

The driving force behind all aspects of language.

Question 14

What are the interconnected features of speech?

Answer 14

Articulation, fluency, and voice

Question 15

Articulation

Answer 15

The way in which speech sounds are formed; includes rate and rhythm

Question 16

Fluency

Answer 16

The smooth, forward flow of communication.

Question 17

Voice

Answer 17

It can reveal things about the speaker as well as the message.

Overall level of loudness and loudness pattern within sentences and words are important.

Question 18

Stress

Answer 18

Stressed syllables within words can change the meaning using long vowels.

Question 19

Pitch

Answer 19

A listener’s perspective of how high or low a sound is. It is measured as frequency or cycles per second, called hertz.

Question 20

Habitual pitch

Answer 20

The basic tone that an individual uses most of the time

Question 21

Intonation

Answer 21

Pitch movement within an utterance

Question 22

What is “suprasegmentals”?

Answer 22

Prosodic features of: stress, intonation, rate, and rhythm

Question 23

Disorders of Communication

Answer 23

Language: disorders of form, content, and/or use

Speech: disorders of articulation, fluency, and/or voice

Hearing: deafness, hard of hearing, or auditory processing disorders

Question 24

How do we classify the cause of communication disorders?

Answer 24

1) Etiology = the cause or origin of the problem.
2) Congenital or acquired, or both?
3) Level? Borderline, mild - profoundly severe.

Question 25

What are vocal abuses?

Answer 25

Vocal abuse is characterized by excessive yelling, screaming, or even occasional loud singing that results in hoarseness or other voice disorders.

Question 26

Are dialects a communication disorder? Why or why not?

Answer 26

No, dialects are differences that reflect a particular regional, social, cultural, or ethnic identity.

Question 27

What are the 3 physiological subsystems involved in speech production? What does each system do?

Answer 27

1) Respiratory System: provides the driving force for speech by generating positive air pressure values beneath the vocal folds
2) Laryngeal System: the vocal folds in the larynx vibrate at high rates of speed, setting air molecules in the vocal tract into multiple frequencies of vibration.
3) Articulatory/Resonating System: acts as an acoustic filter, allowing certain frequencies to pass into the atmosphere while simultaneously blocking other frequencies.

Question 28

What is phonation?

Answer 28

The production of speech that begins with the sound produced by vocal fold contagion.

Question 29

What’s the process of speech production?

Answer 29

1) when the vocal folds are closed, air pressure from the respiratory system, called alveolar pressure, increases beneath the vocal folds.
2) the air pressure from below will pull apart the lower edges of each vocal fold then pulls apart the upper edges of each vocal fold as the vocal folds become fully separated, opening the airway.
4) once vocal folds separate fully, it immediately will cause the lower edges of the folds to move toward midline followed by upper edges to collide and close off the airway.
5) the process is repeated by the fundamental frequency of vibration per second.

Question 30

What is the fundamental frequency of vibration?

Answer 30

The number of cycles to open and close the vocal folds