Chapter Review 1,2,3,4,12 Flashcards
What are the professions in the field of communication disorders?
Speech-language pathologist Audiologists Speech-language-Hearing scientist Regular and Special Educators Psychologists Social workers Doctors & other medical personnel Occupational therapist Physical therapist Music therapist
What are the professional organizations within speech-language? Provide general information.
ASHA (American Speech-Language Hearing Association) = will issue a Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Pathology (CCC-SLP)
State Department of Education = provides certification as teachers of students with speech and language disabilities
State Professional Licensing Board = become licensed as a SLP
What is communication?
Communication is an exchange of ideas between sender(s) and receiver(s).
How is language defined?
Language is:
- a socially-shared tool
- a rule-governed system
- an arbitrary code
- a generative process
- a dynamic scheme
What are the major components of languages?
Form, Content, and Use
What does “form” consists of?
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
What is Phonology?
The sound system of English, consists of about 43 phonemes.
What is Morphology?
The structure of words that contains both free morphemes and bound morphemes.
What is Syntax?
How words are arranged in a sentence and to the ways in which one word may affect another.
What is “Content”?
Semantics = the study of meaning within a language
Semantic features
The pieces of meaning that come together to define a particular word.
What is “Use”?
Pragmatics
Pragmatics
The driving force behind all aspects of language.
What are the interconnected features of speech?
Articulation, fluency, and voice
Articulation
The way in which speech sounds are formed; includes rate and rhythm
Fluency
The smooth, forward flow of communication.
Voice
It can reveal things about the speaker as well as the message.
Overall level of loudness and loudness pattern within sentences and words are important.
Stress
Stressed syllables within words can change the meaning using long vowels.
Pitch
A listener’s perspective of how high or low a sound is. It is measured as frequency or cycles per second, called hertz.
Habitual pitch
The basic tone that an individual uses most of the time
Intonation
Pitch movement within an utterance
What is “suprasegmentals”?
Prosodic features of: stress, intonation, rate, and rhythm
Disorders of Communication
Language: disorders of form, content, and/or use
Speech: disorders of articulation, fluency, and/or voice
Hearing: deafness, hard of hearing, or auditory processing disorders
How do we classify the cause of communication disorders?
1) Etiology = the cause or origin of the problem.
2) Congenital or acquired, or both?
3) Level? Borderline, mild - profoundly severe.
What are vocal abuses?
Vocal abuse is characterized by excessive yelling, screaming, or even occasional loud singing that results in hoarseness or other voice disorders.
Are dialects a communication disorder? Why or why not?
No, dialects are differences that reflect a particular regional, social, cultural, or ethnic identity.
What are the 3 physiological subsystems involved in speech production? What does each system do?
1) Respiratory System: provides the driving force for speech by generating positive air pressure values beneath the vocal folds
2) Laryngeal System: the vocal folds in the larynx vibrate at high rates of speed, setting air molecules in the vocal tract into multiple frequencies of vibration.
3) Articulatory/Resonating System: acts as an acoustic filter, allowing certain frequencies to pass into the atmosphere while simultaneously blocking other frequencies.
What is phonation?
The production of speech that begins with the sound produced by vocal fold contagion.
What’s the process of speech production?
1) when the vocal folds are closed, air pressure from the respiratory system, called alveolar pressure, increases beneath the vocal folds.
2) the air pressure from below will pull apart the lower edges of each vocal fold then pulls apart the upper edges of each vocal fold as the vocal folds become fully separated, opening the airway.
4) once vocal folds separate fully, it immediately will cause the lower edges of the folds to move toward midline followed by upper edges to collide and close off the airway.
5) the process is repeated by the fundamental frequency of vibration per second.
What is the fundamental frequency of vibration?
The number of cycles to open and close the vocal folds
