Chapter Quiz 6 Flashcards
It is a solid material possessing a negative economic value, which suggests that it is cheaper to discard than to use.
Solid Waste
6 Types of Solid Waste
- Municipal solid waste (MSW)
- Hazardous waste
- Industrial waste
- Medical waste
- Construction and demolition (C&D) debris
- Agricultural waste
It is ignitable, corrosive, reactive, and/or toxic.
Hazardous waste
11 Characteristics of Solid Waste
- Sampling
- Variability
- Composition
- Density
- Moisture content
- Particle size
- Chemical composition
- Heating value
- Nutrient (and other substrates) content
- Biodegradability
- Mechanical properties
3 Categories in Sampling
- Direct sampling
- Material flows
- Survey
4 Categories of Variability
- Seasonal
- Regional
- Household size
- National economy
What are the 5 phases of municipal solid waste collection?
- House to can
- Can to truck
- Truck from house to house
- Truck routing
- Truck to disposal
Routes ___ overlap, ___ compact, and ___ fragmented. (Fill the blanks with should be/should not be)
Routes should not overlap, should be compact, and should not be fragmented.
The starting point should be as ___ to the truck garage as possible. (Fill the blanks with close/far)
The starting point should be as close to the truck garage as possible.
Heavily traveled streets should be ___ during rush hours.
avoided
One-way streets that cannot be traversed in one line ___ looped from the upper end of the street. (Fill the blank with should be/should not be)
One-way streets that cannot be traversed in one line should be
looped from the upper end of the street.
Dead-end streets should be collected when on the ___ side of the street. (Fill the blanks with right/left)
Dead-end streets should be collected when on the right side of the street.
On hills, collection should proceed ___ so that the truck can
coast. (Fill the blank with uphill/downhill)
On hills, collection should proceed downhill so that the truck can
coast.
___ turns around blocks should be used whenever possible. Fill the blank with Clockwise/Counter-clockwise)
Clockwise turns around blocks should be used whenever possible.
8.Long, straight paths ___ routed before looping clockwise. (Fill the blank with should be/should not be)
Long, straight paths should be routed before looping clockwise.
For certain block patterns, ___ paths should be used.
For certain block patterns, standard paths should be used.
U-turns ___ avoided by never leaving one two-way street as the only access and exit to the node. (Fill the blank with can be, cannot be)
U-turns can be avoided by never leaving one two-way street as the only access and exit to the node.
It is the reduction in transport costs.
Transfer stations
It is the reduction in trafficking of smaller vehicles at the treatment/disposal site.
Transfer stations
It is the reduction in refuse crew costs due to waiting time
for vehicles in transit.
Transfer stations
Give 2 Examples of Source Reduction.
Sustainable packaging
Better durability
State the 4 categories with its percentages where most sustainable packaging efforts are directed.
65% - Design for Recyclability or use of Recycled content
57% - Weight Reduction
41% - Renewable or Bio-based Materials
25% - Compostable Materials
What are the three stages of ContiLife Cycle?
New Tires > Casing > Retreading > (back to new tires)
What are the 9 Ways in Materials Separation
- Hand sorters (pickers)
- Revolving (trommel) screen
- Disk screen
- Shaking screen
- Float/sink separation
- Magnets
- Eddy current separators
- Triboelectric charging
- Optical Sorting
In materials separation under hand sorters (pickers), it recover any items of value that need not be processed.
Positive sorting
In materials separation under hand sorters (pickers), it remove all those items that could cause damage to the rest of the processing system.
Negative sorting
What is the formula of critical speed in revolving (trommel) screen?
nc = sqrt (g/4pi^2r)
In materials separation, what are the 4 examples of float/sink separation?
- Jig
- Air classifier
- Upflow separation
- Flotation
It is called the deflection due to electric field.
Eddy current separators
It is called the electric charge from friction.
Triboelectric charging
What are the 5 types of recycling?
- Paper recycling
- Glass recycling
- Aluminum recycling
- Ferrous metals recycling
- Plastics recycling
Recycling one ton of aluminum conserve __ tons of bauxite and __ mW hours of electricity.
8,14
ASTM Refuse-Derived Fuel that describes the unprocessed MSW (the mass burn option).
RDF-1
ASTM Refuse-Derived Fuel that describes the MSW shredded but no separation of materials.
RDF-2
ASTM Refuse-Derived Fuel that describes the organic fraction of shredded MSW. This is actually produced in a materials recovery facility (MRF) or from source-separated organics such as newsprint.
RDF-3
ASTM Refuse-Derived Fuel that describes the organic waste produced by a MRF that has been further shredded into a fine (almost powder) form, sometimes called fluff.
RDF-4
ASTM Refuse-Derived Fuel that describes the organic waste produced by a MRF that has been densified by a pelletizer or a similar device. These pellets often can be fired with coal in existing furnaces.
RDF-5
ASTM Refuse-Derived Fuel that describes the organic fraction of the waste that has been further processed into a liquid fuel, such as oil.
RDF-6
ASTM Refuse-Derived Fuel that describes the organic waste processed into a gaseous fuel.
RDF-7
What are the two formulas used for the recovery of energy?
- Dulong formula (dry wt%)
- Regression on compositional basis (dry wt%)
It moves and mix solides.
Grates
What are the three examples of waste tyre or plastic?
- Pyrolysis oil
- Hydrocarbon gas
- Charcoal
Among the four general modes of operation for manipulation of pyrolysis, it proceeds at a very slow rate of temperature increase, generally less than one degC per second, and the final temperature range is between 500 and 750 degC.
Slow pyrolysis
Among the four general modes of operation for manipulation of pyrolysis, it takes place at a more rapid temperature rise, of 5 to 100 degC/sec and reaches temperatures of between 750 and 1000 degC.
Intermediate pyrolysis
Among the four general modes of operation for manipulation of pyrolysis, it occurs when the temperature rise is fast, between 500 and 106 degC/sec. The temperatures reached with this process are over 1000 degC.
Rapid pyrolysis
Among the four general modes of operation for manipulation of pyrolysis, it takes place when the temperature rise is essentially instantaneous, of over 106 degC/sec. The temperatures attained in this process exceed 1200 degC.
Flash pyrolysis
For ash residue, about how many percent is the original mass and the original volume?
25%,5%
It is a group of organic compounds called polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCCD). See also polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF).
Dioxin by-products
Mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms where temperatures can reach 70 degC.
Aerobic partial degradation of organic waste
What are the two controlled parameters for composting? State its ranges.
- Moisture (50%)
- C/N ratio (20-80)
For fertilizer value of compost from MSW, what is the range of nitrogen as fraction of total solids?
0.4 to 1.6
For fertilizer value of compost from MSW, what is the range of phosphorus as fraction of total solids?
0.1 to 0.4
For fertilizer value of compost from MSW, what is the range of potassium as fraction of total solids?
0.2 to 0.6
What are the three planning considerations for disposal (landfill)?
- Volume (lifetime) of landfill
- Siting (fatal flaw analysis)
- Permits and regulations
What are the 9 categories of disposal?
- Degradation process
- Leachate production
- Leachate quality
- Gas production
- Landfill design
- Landfill liner system
- Leachate collection
- Landfill gas collection
- Landfill operations
What are the two methods in landfill operations?
Trench method and area method
