Chapter One- The Microbial World And You Flashcards
Microorganism
Organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
Germ
Rapidly Growing Cell
Pathogenic
Disease Causing
Microbes
A few are pathogenic
Decompose organic wastes
Produce products used in manufacturing
Disease treatment (eg: insulin)
Are microbes producers or consumers?
Producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis
What produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone?
Microbes
What produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese and bread?
Microbes
Trichoderma
Stone washing in blue jeans
Gluconacetobacter
Cotton in blue jeans
Mushroom Peroxide
Debleaching in blue jeans
E. Coli
Blue coloring (indigo) in jeans
Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate
Plastic in blue jeans
What do E. Coli produce indigo from?
Tryptophan
What do microbes allow humans to do?
Prevent food spoilage
Prevent disease occurrence
What did microbes lead to?
Aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories
Who established the system of scientific nomenclature?
Linnaeus
Who is the father of taxonomy?
Linnaeus
What two names are given to an organism?
Genus
Specific Epithet
How do you write scientific names?
Italicized or underlined
Genus is capitalized (first name)
Specific epithet is lower cased
Escherichia Coli
-what does it honor?
-what does it describe?
Honors the discoverer, Theodore Escherich
Describes the bacterium’s habitat: large intestine, or colon
Staphylococcus aureus
-what does it describe?
Describes the clustered (staphylo-) spherical (cocci) cells
Describes the gold colored (aureus) colonies
When can you abbreviate scientific Names?
After the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the full specific epithet
Which is a correct scientific name? A: Baker’s yeast B: Saccharomyces cerevisiae C: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (italicized) D: S. cerevisiae (italicized)
C
What are the 7 types of microorganisms?
Bacteria Archaea Fungi Protozoa Algae Viruses Multicellular Animal Parasites
Halophiles
Microbes that like high salt concentrations
Bacteria
Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan cell walls
Binary Fission
For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals and photosynthesis
Prokaryote
No nucleus, DNA is not encased in a membrane
Cell wall
Humans lack these
A covering on the outside of the plasma membrane
Peptidoglycan
Cross linked polymeric material
Characteristic of bacteria
Binary Fission
A cell that splits and the result is identical to parent cell
Haemophilus influenzae
One of the bacterial causes of pneumonia
Archaea
Prokaryotes
Lack peptidoglycan
Live in extreme environments
Include: methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles
TEM
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Fungi
Eukaryotes Chitin Cell wall Use organic chemicals for energy Molds and mushrooms are multicellular, consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments of hyphae Yeasts are unicellular
Mucor
A common bread mold, is a type of fungus
Chitin
Tough chemical also found in the human body
Protozoa
Eukaryotes
Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
May be motile via pseudopods, cilia or flagella
Algae
Eukaryotes
Cellulose cell walls
Use photosynthesis for energy
Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds
Are viruses alive?
Not alive because they cannot replicate themselves, they can only reproduce with the help of a cell
Viruses
Acellular Consist of DNA or RNA core Core is surrounded by a protein coat Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope Are replicated only when they are living on a host cell Die if they are not infecting a cell
Multicellular Animal Parasites
Eukaryotes
Multicellular animals
Microscopic stages in life cycles: in order to understand these, you need to understand how someone got these, whether it be through animal feces, food, etc
Helminths
Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are multicellular Animal parasites classified as this
What is the symbol of a medical profession?
Rod of asclepius
Three domains of microorganisms
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Eukarya include what four things?
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
What were the first life on earth?
Ancestors of bacteria
When were the first microbes observed?
1673
Who discovered that living things were composed of little boxes, or cells? What year?
Robert Hooke in 1665
Who said that cells arise from preexisting cells? In what year?
Rudolph Virchow in 1858
Cell theory
Soliton and Schwann
All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells
Who made the first microscope? What year? What did this help to do?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1673-1723
This helped to describe live microorganisms
Spontaneous Generation
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from non-living matter; a “vital force” forms life
Biogenesis
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life
Francis Redi Experiment
Filled 6 jars with decaying meat
Three jars covered with a fine net: No maggots resulted
Three jars open: Maggots appeared
1668
John Needham Experiment
1745
Put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks: resulted in microbial growth
Thought this meant life forms from spontaneous generation, but it was a flawed experiment because the flasks were not sterile
Lazzaro Spallanzani Experiment
1765
Boiled nutrient solutions in flasks, and then sealed
Resulted in no microbial growth
This supported biogenesis
Louis Pasteur Experiment
1861 Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air Boiled nutrient broth in flask Sealed: resulted in no microbial growth Not sealed: resulted in microbial growth Supported biogenesis
Pasteur’s S shaped flask
Kept microbes out but let air in
Golden age of microbiology
1857-1914
Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity and antimicrobial drugs
Pasteurization
SLOWING the growth of bacteria, but not stopping it completely
Does not sterilize bacteria fully
What did Pasteur show?
Microbes are responsible for fermentation
Fermentation
Conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine
What is responsible for the spoilage of food?
Microbial growth
How do bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine?
By turning it into vinegar (acetic acid)
Who demonstrated that spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was a not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine?
Pasteur
Pasteurization
Application of high heat for a short time
Who showed that silkworm disease was caused by a fungus? What year?
Agostino Bassi
1835
What did Pasteur believe in 1865?
That another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan
Who advocated hand washing in the 1840’s? What was this to prevent?
Ignaz Semmelweis
To prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one obstetrical patient to another
Who used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infection? What year? Who’s work did he use?
1860’s
Joseph Lister
Applied Pasteur’s work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food and cause animal diseases
What did Joseph Lister use in surgery? What did this prove?
Used antiseptic conditions using phenol to perform a surgery
Proved that microbes caused surgical wound infections
What did Robert Koch prove? What year?
Proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease
1876
Who was the first to inoculate a person with cowpox? What inspired this experiment? What year? What were the results?
Edward Jenner
The person was protected from smallpox
Inspired by milk maids who were people that milked cows and never got small pox or if they did it was at a way less intensity
1796
What is vaccine derived from? What is protection from a vaccine called?
Vacca, for cow
Immunity
Chemotherapy
Using any sort of chemical to treat a disease
What can chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious diseases be?
Synthetic drugs or antibiotics
Antibiotics
Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
What was long used to treat malaria?
Quinine from tree bark
What did Paul Ehrlich Speculate?
About a “magic bullet” that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host
What did Ehrlich develop? What year?
Synthetic arsenic drug, Salvarsan, to treat syphilis
1910
What was synthesized in the 1930’s?
Sulfonamides
Who discovered the first antibiotic? What year? What did he observe?
Alexander Fleming
1928
Observed that Penicillum fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus
What was clinically tested and mass produced in the 1940’s?
Penicillin
Bacteriology
Study of bacteria
Mycology
Study of fungi
Virology
Study of viruses
Parasitology
Study of Protozoa and parasitic worms
immunology
Study of immunity
What is being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases?
Vaccines and interferons
Who used immunology to identify some bacteria according to serotypes? What year?
Rebecca Lancefield
1933
Serotypes
Variants within a species
microbial genetics
The study of how microbes inherit traits
Molecular biology
The study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
Genomics
The study of an organism’s genes
Has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms
Recombinant DNA
DNA made from two different sources
What did Paul Berg do in the 1960’s?
Inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA
And the bacteria produced an animal protein
What did George Beadle and Edward Tatum do in 1941?
Showed that gene’s encode a cell’s enzymes
What did Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarthy do in 1944?
Showed that DNA is a hereditary material
Who discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis? What year?
Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod
1961
Who won the first Nobel prize ever in medicine or physiology? What year?
1901
Von Bering
For diphtheria antitoxin
What do bacteria recycle? For what?
Carbon, nutrients, sulfur and phosphorus for plants and animals to use
What degrades organic matter in sewage?
Bacteria
What degrades and detoxifies pollutants such as oil and mercury?
Bacteria
What is an alternative to chemical pesticides in preventing insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission?
Bacteria that are pathogenic to insects
Why is Bacillus thuringiensis good?
Their infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to other animals, including to humans and plants
Biotechnology
The use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals
Is centuries old
Xanthan
A food thickener used today
Recombinant DNA technology
A new technique for biotechnology that enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, including vaccines and enzymes
Gene therapy
Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced by this
What are genetically modified bacteria used for?
Used to protect crops from insects and from freezing
What were bacteria once classified as? What did this give rise to? What was replaced instead?
Plants, giving rise to the term flora used for microbes
Flora was replaced by microbiota
Normal Microbiota
Microbes normally present in and on the human body
What does normal microbiota prevent?
Growth of pathogens by competition
What do normal microbiota produce?
Growth factors, such as folic acid and vitamin K
Resistance
The body’s ability to ward off diseases
What are examples of resistance factors?
Skin
Stomach acid
Antimicrobial chemicals
Biofilms
Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses
They will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth and medical implants
This gives bacteria a substrate and bacteria can then signal to each other, giving bacteria an advantage
When does disease result?
When pathogens overcome the host’s resistance
Emerging Infectious Disease (EIDs)
New diseases and diseases increasing in incident
Avian Influenza A
Influenza A virus
Primarily in waterfowl and poultry
Sustain human-to-human transmission has not occurred yet
What does MRSA stand for?
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
What type of resistance came up in the 1950’s?
Penicillin
What type of resistance emerged in the 1980’s?
Methicillin
What type of resistance emerged in the 1990’s?
MRSA resistant to vancomycin was reported
What does VISA stand for?
Vancomycin-intermediate-resistant S aureus
What does VRSA stand for?
Vancomycin resistant S aureus
West Nile Encephalitis
Emerged by West Nile Virus
First diagnosed in the West Nile region of Uganda in 1937
Appeared in New York City in 1999
In nonmigratory birds in 47 states
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Caused by a prion
Also causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
What is a new variant of CJD related to?
In humans, CJD is related to cattle that have been fed sheep offal for protein
Escherichia coli 0157:H7
Toxin producing strain of E. coli
First seen in 1982
Leading cause of diarrhea worldwide
Where is E. coli normally found?
Large intestine
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
Ebola virus
Causes fever, hemorrhaging and blood clotting
First identified near Ebola River, Congo
Outbreaks every few years
Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidium protozoa
First reported in 1976
Causes 30% of diarrheal illness in developing countries
In the United States, transmitted through water
What does AIDS stand for?
Autoimmune immunodeficiency Syndrome
What does HIV stand for?
Human immunodeficiency Virus
What causes AIDS?
HIV
When was AIDS first identified?
1981
In the worldwide epidemic of AIDS, how many people have been infected? How many new cases are reported everyday?
33 million
7500 new infections everyday
What is AIDS?
Sexually transmitted infection affecting males and females
What are the % of females and males affected by AIDS/HIV in the United States that are African American?
26% female
49% males
