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Microbiology Test One Stuff > Chapter One- The Microbial World And You > Flashcards

Chapter One- The Microbial World And You Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microorganism

A

Organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

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2
Q

Germ

A

Rapidly Growing Cell

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3
Q

Pathogenic

A

Disease Causing

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4
Q

Microbes

A

A few are pathogenic
Decompose organic wastes
Produce products used in manufacturing
Disease treatment (eg: insulin)

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5
Q

Are microbes producers or consumers?

A

Producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis

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6
Q

What produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone?

A

Microbes

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7
Q

What produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese and bread?

A

Microbes

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8
Q

Trichoderma

A

Stone washing in blue jeans

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9
Q

Gluconacetobacter

A

Cotton in blue jeans

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10
Q

Mushroom Peroxide

A

Debleaching in blue jeans

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11
Q

E. Coli

A

Blue coloring (indigo) in jeans

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12
Q

Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate

A

Plastic in blue jeans

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13
Q

What do E. Coli produce indigo from?

A

Tryptophan

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14
Q

What do microbes allow humans to do?

A

Prevent food spoilage

Prevent disease occurrence

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15
Q

What did microbes lead to?

A

Aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories

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16
Q

Who established the system of scientific nomenclature?

A

Linnaeus

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17
Q

Who is the father of taxonomy?

A

Linnaeus

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18
Q

What two names are given to an organism?

A

Genus

Specific Epithet

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19
Q

How do you write scientific names?

A

Italicized or underlined
Genus is capitalized (first name)
Specific epithet is lower cased

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20
Q

Escherichia Coli
-what does it honor?

-what does it describe?

A

Honors the discoverer, Theodore Escherich

Describes the bacterium’s habitat: large intestine, or colon

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21
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

-what does it describe?

A

Describes the clustered (staphylo-) spherical (cocci) cells

Describes the gold colored (aureus) colonies

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22
Q

When can you abbreviate scientific Names?

A

After the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the full specific epithet

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23
Q 
Which is a correct scientific name?
A: Baker’s yeast
B: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
C: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (italicized)
D: S. cerevisiae (italicized)
A

C

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24
Q

What are the 7 types of microorganisms?

A 
Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Viruses
Multicellular Animal Parasites
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25
Q

Halophiles

A

Microbes that like high salt concentrations

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26
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan cell walls
Binary Fission
For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals and photosynthesis

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27
Q

Prokaryote

A

No nucleus, DNA is not encased in a membrane

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28
Q

Cell wall

A

Humans lack these

A covering on the outside of the plasma membrane

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29
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Cross linked polymeric material

Characteristic of bacteria

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30
Q

Binary Fission

A

A cell that splits and the result is identical to parent cell

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31
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

One of the bacterial causes of pneumonia

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32
Q

Archaea

A

Prokaryotes
Lack peptidoglycan
Live in extreme environments
Include: methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles

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33
Q

TEM

A

Transmission Electron Microscopy

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34
Q

Fungi

A 
Eukaryotes
Chitin Cell wall
Use organic chemicals for energy 
Molds and mushrooms are multicellular, consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments of hyphae
Yeasts are unicellular
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35
Q

Mucor

A

A common bread mold, is a type of fungus

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36
Q

Chitin

A

Tough chemical also found in the human body

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37
Q

Protozoa

A

Eukaryotes
Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
May be motile via pseudopods, cilia or flagella

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38
Q

Algae

A

Eukaryotes
Cellulose cell walls
Use photosynthesis for energy
Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds

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39
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

Not alive because they cannot replicate themselves, they can only reproduce with the help of a cell

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40
Q

Viruses

A 
Acellular
Consist of DNA or RNA core
Core is surrounded by a protein coat
Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
Are replicated only when they are living on a host cell
Die if they are not infecting a cell
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41
Q

Multicellular Animal Parasites

A

Eukaryotes
Multicellular animals
Microscopic stages in life cycles: in order to understand these, you need to understand how someone got these, whether it be through animal feces, food, etc

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42
Q

Helminths

A

Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are multicellular Animal parasites classified as this

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43
Q

What is the symbol of a medical profession?

A

Rod of asclepius

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44
Q

Three domains of microorganisms

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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45
Q

Eukarya include what four things?

A

Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals

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46
Q

What were the first life on earth?

A

Ancestors of bacteria

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47
Q

When were the first microbes observed?

A

1673

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48
Q

Who discovered that living things were composed of little boxes, or cells? What year?

A

Robert Hooke in 1665

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49
Q

Who said that cells arise from preexisting cells? In what year?

A

Rudolph Virchow in 1858

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50
Q

Cell theory

A

Soliton and Schwann

All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells

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51
Q

Who made the first microscope? What year? What did this help to do?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1673-1723
This helped to describe live microorganisms

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52
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from non-living matter; a “vital force” forms life

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53
Q

Biogenesis

A

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life

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54
Q

Francis Redi Experiment

A

Filled 6 jars with decaying meat
Three jars covered with a fine net: No maggots resulted
Three jars open: Maggots appeared
1668

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55
Q

John Needham Experiment

A

1745
Put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks: resulted in microbial growth
Thought this meant life forms from spontaneous generation, but it was a flawed experiment because the flasks were not sterile

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56
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani Experiment

A

1765
Boiled nutrient solutions in flasks, and then sealed
Resulted in no microbial growth
This supported biogenesis

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57
Q

Louis Pasteur Experiment

A 
1861
Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air
Boiled nutrient broth in flask
Sealed: resulted in no microbial growth
Not sealed: resulted in microbial growth
Supported biogenesis
58
Q

Pasteur’s S shaped flask

A

Kept microbes out but let air in

59
Q

Golden age of microbiology

A

1857-1914
Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity and antimicrobial drugs

60
Q

Pasteurization

A

SLOWING the growth of bacteria, but not stopping it completely
Does not sterilize bacteria fully

61
Q

What did Pasteur show?

A

Microbes are responsible for fermentation

62
Q

Fermentation

A

Conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine

63
Q

What is responsible for the spoilage of food?

A

Microbial growth

64
Q

How do bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine?

A

By turning it into vinegar (acetic acid)

65
Q

Who demonstrated that spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was a not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine?

A

Pasteur

66
Q

Pasteurization

A

Application of high heat for a short time

67
Q

Who showed that silkworm disease was caused by a fungus? What year?

A

Agostino Bassi

1835

68
Q

What did Pasteur believe in 1865?

A

That another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan

69
Q

Who advocated hand washing in the 1840’s? What was this to prevent?

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

To prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one obstetrical patient to another

70
Q

Who used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infection? What year? Who’s work did he use?

A

1860’s
Joseph Lister
Applied Pasteur’s work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food and cause animal diseases

71
Q

What did Joseph Lister use in surgery? What did this prove?

A

Used antiseptic conditions using phenol to perform a surgery

Proved that microbes caused surgical wound infections

72
Q

What did Robert Koch prove? What year?

A

Proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease
1876

73
Q

Who was the first to inoculate a person with cowpox? What inspired this experiment? What year? What were the results?

A

Edward Jenner
The person was protected from smallpox
Inspired by milk maids who were people that milked cows and never got small pox or if they did it was at a way less intensity
1796

74
Q

What is vaccine derived from? What is protection from a vaccine called?

A

Vacca, for cow

Immunity

75
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Using any sort of chemical to treat a disease

76
Q

What can chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious diseases be?

A

Synthetic drugs or antibiotics

77
Q

Antibiotics

A

Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

78
Q

What was long used to treat malaria?

A

Quinine from tree bark

79
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich Speculate?

A

About a “magic bullet” that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host

80
Q

What did Ehrlich develop? What year?

A

Synthetic arsenic drug, Salvarsan, to treat syphilis

1910

81
Q

What was synthesized in the 1930’s?

A

Sulfonamides

82
Q

Who discovered the first antibiotic? What year? What did he observe?

A

Alexander Fleming
1928
Observed that Penicillum fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus

83
Q

What was clinically tested and mass produced in the 1940’s?

A

Penicillin

84
Q

Bacteriology

A

Study of bacteria

85
Q

Mycology

A

Study of fungi

86
Q

Virology

A

Study of viruses

87
Q

Parasitology

A

Study of Protozoa and parasitic worms

88
Q

immunology

A

Study of immunity

89
Q

What is being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases?

A

Vaccines and interferons

90
Q

Who used immunology to identify some bacteria according to serotypes? What year?

A

Rebecca Lancefield

1933

91
Q

Serotypes

A

Variants within a species

92
Q

microbial genetics

A

The study of how microbes inherit traits

93
Q

Molecular biology

A

The study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

94
Q

Genomics

A

The study of an organism’s genes

Has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

95
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA made from two different sources

96
Q

What did Paul Berg do in the 1960’s?

A

Inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA

And the bacteria produced an animal protein

97
Q

What did George Beadle and Edward Tatum do in 1941?

A

Showed that gene’s encode a cell’s enzymes

98
Q

What did Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarthy do in 1944?

A

Showed that DNA is a hereditary material

99
Q

Who discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis? What year?

A

Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod

1961

100
Q

Who won the first Nobel prize ever in medicine or physiology? What year?

A

1901
Von Bering
For diphtheria antitoxin

101
Q

What do bacteria recycle? For what?

A

Carbon, nutrients, sulfur and phosphorus for plants and animals to use

102
Q

What degrades organic matter in sewage?

A

Bacteria

103
Q

What degrades and detoxifies pollutants such as oil and mercury?

A

Bacteria

104
Q

What is an alternative to chemical pesticides in preventing insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission?

A

Bacteria that are pathogenic to insects

105
Q

Why is Bacillus thuringiensis good?

A

Their infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to other animals, including to humans and plants

106
Q

Biotechnology

A

The use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals

Is centuries old

107
Q

Xanthan

A

A food thickener used today

108
Q

Recombinant DNA technology

A

A new technique for biotechnology that enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, including vaccines and enzymes

109
Q

Gene therapy

A

Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced by this

110
Q

What are genetically modified bacteria used for?

A

Used to protect crops from insects and from freezing

111
Q

What were bacteria once classified as? What did this give rise to? What was replaced instead?

A

Plants, giving rise to the term flora used for microbes

Flora was replaced by microbiota

112
Q

Normal Microbiota

A

Microbes normally present in and on the human body

113
Q

What does normal microbiota prevent?

A

Growth of pathogens by competition

114
Q

What do normal microbiota produce?

A

Growth factors, such as folic acid and vitamin K

115
Q

Resistance

A

The body’s ability to ward off diseases

116
Q

What are examples of resistance factors?

A

Skin
Stomach acid
Antimicrobial chemicals

117
Q

Biofilms

A

Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses
They will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth and medical implants
This gives bacteria a substrate and bacteria can then signal to each other, giving bacteria an advantage

118
Q

When does disease result?

A

When pathogens overcome the host’s resistance

119
Q

Emerging Infectious Disease (EIDs)

A

New diseases and diseases increasing in incident

120
Q

Avian Influenza A

A

Influenza A virus
Primarily in waterfowl and poultry
Sustain human-to-human transmission has not occurred yet

121
Q

What does MRSA stand for?

A

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

122
Q

What type of resistance came up in the 1950’s?

A

Penicillin

123
Q

What type of resistance emerged in the 1980’s?

A

Methicillin

124
Q

What type of resistance emerged in the 1990’s?

A

MRSA resistant to vancomycin was reported

125
Q

What does VISA stand for?

A

Vancomycin-intermediate-resistant S aureus

126
Q

What does VRSA stand for?

A

Vancomycin resistant S aureus

127
Q

West Nile Encephalitis

A

Emerged by West Nile Virus
First diagnosed in the West Nile region of Uganda in 1937
Appeared in New York City in 1999
In nonmigratory birds in 47 states

128
Q

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

A

Caused by a prion

Also causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

129
Q

What is a new variant of CJD related to?

A

In humans, CJD is related to cattle that have been fed sheep offal for protein

130
Q

Escherichia coli 0157:H7

A

Toxin producing strain of E. coli
First seen in 1982
Leading cause of diarrhea worldwide

131
Q

Where is E. coli normally found?

A

Large intestine

132
Q

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

A

Ebola virus
Causes fever, hemorrhaging and blood clotting
First identified near Ebola River, Congo
Outbreaks every few years

133
Q

Cryptosporidiosis

A

Cryptosporidium protozoa
First reported in 1976
Causes 30% of diarrheal illness in developing countries
In the United States, transmitted through water

134
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Autoimmune immunodeficiency Syndrome

135
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human immunodeficiency Virus

136
Q

What causes AIDS?

A

HIV

137
Q

When was AIDS first identified?

A

1981

138
Q

In the worldwide epidemic of AIDS, how many people have been infected? How many new cases are reported everyday?

A

33 million

7500 new infections everyday

139
Q

What is AIDS?

A

Sexually transmitted infection affecting males and females

140
Q

What are the % of females and males affected by AIDS/HIV in the United States that are African American?

A

26% female

49% males

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