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Biology 121 > chapter one key terms > Flashcards

chapter one key terms Flashcards

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1
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera

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2
Q

anabolism

A

assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules

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3
Q

anatomical position

A

standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body

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4
Q

anatomy

A

science that studies the form and composition of the body’s structures

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5
Q

anterior

A

describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as ventral

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6
Q

anterior cavity

A

larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as ventral cavity

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7
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules

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8
Q

caudal

A

describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as inferior

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9
Q

cell

A

smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles

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10
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

medical imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced cross-sectional X-ray image is obtained

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11
Q

control center

A

compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector

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12
Q

cranial

A

describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as superior

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13
Q

cranial cavity

A

division of the posterior (dorsal) cavity that houses the brain

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14
Q

deep

A

describes a position farther from the surface of the body

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15
Q

development

A

changes an organism goes through during its life

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16
Q

differentiation

A

process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function

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17
Q

distal

A

describes a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

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18
Q

dorsal

A

describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as posterior

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19
Q

dorsal cavity

A

posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to the posterior body cavity

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20
Q

effector

A

organ that can cause a change in a value

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21
Q

frontal plane

A

two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions

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22
Q

gross anatomy

A

study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to macroscopic anatomy

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23
Q

growth

A

process of increasing in size

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24
Q

homeostasis

A

steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain

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25
Q

inferior

A

describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as caudal

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26
Q

lateral

A

describes the side or direction toward the side of the body

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27
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body

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28
Q

medial

A

describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body

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29
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all of the body’s chemical reactions

30
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

study of very small structures of the body using magnification

31
Q

negative feedback

A

homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body’s physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed

32
Q

normal range

A

range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center

33
Q

nutrient

A

chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival

34
Q

organ

A

functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues

35
Q

organ system

A

group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function

36
Q

organism

A

living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life

37
Q

pericardium

A

sac that encloses the heart

38
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found there

39
Q

physiology

A

science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body’s functions

40
Q

plane

A

imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body

41
Q

pleura

A

serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs

42
Q

positive feedback

A

mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition in response to a stimulus

43
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

medical imaging technique in which radiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissues

44
Q

posterior

A

describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as dorsal

45
Q

posterior cavity

A

posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as dorsal cavity

46
Q

pressure

A

force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance

47
Q

prone

A

face down

48
Q

proximal

A

describes a position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

49
Q

regional anatomy

A

study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions

50
Q

renewal

A

process by which worn-out cells are replaced

51
Q

reproduction

A

process by which new organisms are generated

52
Q

responsiveness

A

ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions

53
Q

sagittal plane

A

two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides

54
Q

section

A

in anatomy, a single flat surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut through

55
Q

sensor

A

(also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center

56
Q

serosa

A

membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serous membrane

57
Q

serous membrane

A

membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serosa

58
Q

set point

A

ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis

59
Q

spinal cavity

A

division of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord; also referred to as vertebral cavity

60
Q

superficial

A

describes a position nearer to the surface of the body

61
Q

superior

A

describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as cranial

62
Q

supine

A

face up

63
Q

systemic anatomy

A

study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems

64
Q

thoracic cavity

A

division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea

65
Q

tissue

A

group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function

66
Q

transverse plane

A

two-dimensional, horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions

67
Q

ultrasonography

A

application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs

68
Q

ventral

A

describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as anterior

69
Q

ventral cavity

A

larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as anterior body cavity

70
Q

X-ray

A

form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases; used in medicine as a diagnostic aid to visualize body structures such as bones

Biology 121 (1 decks)

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