chapter one exam Flashcards
counseling psychology programs are typically based in departments of…?
education
what types of training programs are for students who want a professional license to practice independently?
clinical, counseling, and school. (all of the above)
psychologists might serve on university committees or in leadership roles. what is the term for this professional activity?
administration
clinical psychologists spend time helping students develop expertise in psychological assessment and treatment in individual or small groups. what is the term for this?
clinical supervision
what is not a responsibility of a school psychologist?
prescribing medications to students for behavioral difficulties.
what is not required of mental health workers?
teaching students how to conduct psychotherapy
compared to psychiatrists, clinical psychologists…
are trained to appreciate cognitive, behavioral, and sociocultural aspects of client’s problems.
which of these is the study of the biology of behavior, including how the brain regulates behavior?
behavioral neuroscience
the study of mental processes, for example, memory, language, perception, and decision making?
cognitive psychology
the study of how individuals function and interact within groups?
social psychology
True or False:
Developmental Psychologists may work to measure academic abilities, personalities, interests, and vocational aptitude.
false
True or False: Social workers tend to have intense involvement with the everyday lives and stresses of their patients and may visit the home, the workplace, or other environments where their parents spend the bulk of their lives.
True
True or False: Psychiatrists generally regard mental health problems as socially based illnesses BEST treated by a community-focused approach.
False
True or False: because of their understanding in human behavior and skills in human relations, many clinical psychologists make good administrators.
true
True or False: the subfield of social psychology is concerned with understanding how psychological, behavioral, neurological, and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illness.
false
True or False: within the clinical science training model, students not only receive clinical training, but also conduct assessment with their faculty members.
false
True or False: marriage and family therapists primarily work with families in which one member has problems that impact the rest of the family.
true
True or False: most licensed professional counselors have a master’s degree, and there are a wide range of both accredited and unaccredited programs that train counselors.
true
True or False: counseling psychologists examine mental processes that help one navigate the world around them.
false
True or False: counseling psychologists may work to measure academic abilities, personalities, interest, and vocational aptitude.
true
True or False: developmental psychologists examine how psychological processes change as one matures, seeking an understanding of how one’s cognitive, social, moral, emotional, or intellectual abilities, for instance, may evolve over their lifespan.
true
___ are more likely to visit the home, work place, or other environments where their patients spend the bulk of their lives.
social workers
consistent with medical tradition, ___ generally regard mental health problems and disorders as biologically based illnesses, that are BEST treated with medical approaches.
psychiatrists
which of these specialities within the practice of psychology focus on deriving principles of individual, group, and professional behavior, and applying this knowledge to work place problems?
Industrial / organizational psychology
why was the psychology of interjurisdictional compact enacted?
clients had difficulty finding good professionals in their area, covid happened, and it facilitated the practice of telepsychology across state boundaries.
what is not a common requirement for licensure as a psychologist?
board certification
what knowledge is needed to pass the national exam (pt1/2)
treatment, intervention, prevention, and supervision
what does PCSAS stand for?
Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System
is the US, at least __% of the population have a mental disorder.
25
one of the primary goals of the Academic of Psychological Clinical Science is to foster the development of and access to ___ and ___ for training, research, funding, and careers in clinical science.
resources; opportunities
An advantage of PhD programs, as compared to PsyD, is___
tuition waivers are often offered.
whats a major critique of practitioner-scholar models?
a PhD should not be granted without a substantial amount of research training.
psychologists trained in scientist-practitioner programs will also be able to ___?
test hypotheses, contribute to clinical knowledge, practice with skill and sensitivity
whats the largest difference between a physician’s training and a clinical psychologist’s?
psychologists prepare a dissertation, whereas physicians do not.
what is not an assertion of the scientist-practitioner model?
clinical psychologists shall achieve competence during the post-doctoral fellowship, rather than during graduate training.
in what decade did universities begin investing resources into undergraduate and graduate training in psychology?
1960s
whats wrong with the Vail model? aka Practicioner-scholar model
was largely rejected by academic clinical psychologists.
the vail model led to what?
the creation of the doctor of psychology (PsyD) degree.
true of false: clinical psychologists may not see clients without supervision until they are licensed within a particular state, province, or territory.
true
true of false: a candidate for doctoral programs must pass the American Board of Professional Psychology Exam, pt1/2, before being issued a PhD.
false
true of false: the scientist-practitioner model is the predominant training model for clinical psychologists.
true
true of false: the doctor of philosophy degree is an advanced degree in psychology that involves an original research contribution to the field in the form of a doctoral model.
false (dissertation)
___ can be earned through verification of one’s credentials, as well as the submission of recorded samples of interactions with clients, a written statement regarding professional expertise and handling of clinical cases, and successful completion of an oral examination conducted by three expert peers.
Board certification
in order to prepare for applications to clinical psychology PhD programs, a student takes courses in ___ and ___ to demonstrate their readiness for graduate school.
research methods; psychological theories
A psychology professor is preparing an application for accreditation by PCSAS on behalf of a clinical psychology program, and in the application, the professor will likely attend to all of which areas for review?
conceptual foundation that aligns with the mission and goals that define PCSAS, quality of the application training, ethical standards and concern for diversity being reflected in training for scholarship.
what is not of the APA’s profession wide competencies for accreditation of clinical psychology doctoral programs?
statistical analysis
persons under the age of ___ years are not offered confidentiality
16 (but in class prof. said 18)
would a psychologist have to breach confidentiality in this moment? a third party payer demands access to a cllients treatment record.
ya (sus but answer is yes)
would a psychologist have to breach confidentiality in this moment? the psychologist is subpoenaed by the court
ya
would a psychologist have to breach confidentiality in this moment? the client may soon attempt to harm themselves
yes
whats a goal of the Ethics code?
express the best ethical practices in the field as judged by a sample of apa members, and to influence the ethical conduct of psychologists by meriting widespread indentification and acceptance among members of the discipline.
true or false: psychologists should not speak about their research or practice in a public setting. ever.
false
true or false: speaking about psychological research or practice on TV may help viewers understand their services.
true
true or false: if speaking on TV, a psychologist should make statements that are consistent with the ethics code.
true
if a psychologist desires to develop competence in a new area, then what should they do?
seek additional formal training, seek supervision from an expert, and avoid new referrals until they have completed training.
psychologists and physicians are trained to do no harm. this is consist with the APA’s principle of
beneficence and non-maleficence
if a psychologist violated the ethics code, what could happen to them?
suspension of their license to practice
if a psychologist is asked to take on a client outside of their usual clientele work, ie: different age and disorder, by what ethics code should they abide by?
competence
what’s the difference between the five general principles and the specific ethical standards in the APA ethics code?
specific ethical standards are not enforceable rules of conduct
what should not be included in the informed consent?
limitation of competence
what should be included in the informed consent?
potential risks, limitations on confidentiality, and freedom to withdraw
the limits of confidentiality include ___
when the client is a minor and when a client is going to attempt to harm themselves or others.
a psychologist needs an interpreter due to a language barrier with a client. when is it important to discuss the interpreters role with the client?
informed consent
___ is the legal requirement that researchers explain to participants the purpose, importance, and the results of the research following their participation.
debriefing
___ occurs when the purpose of the research or the meaning of a particpents responses is withheld so as to not influence the participents response.
deception
the ethical principle ___ suggests that psychologists should do no harm
beneficence and nonmaleficence
the first step in the psychological assessment process?
determine the reason for referral and presenting problem
compared to actuarial prediction, clinical judgement ___.
is a subjective form of decision making
true or false: the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was an objective self-report test whose major function, initially, was attaching psychiatric labels to clients.
true
true or false: internal and face validity are both requirements of construct validity
false
true or false: if an IQ test has good convergent validity, it correlates with other tests that assess IQ
true
true or false: convergent and discriminant are both subcategories of construct validity
true
true or false: face reliability is an important piece in etsablishing the accuracy of an assessment instrument because if different interviewers assessing the same person cannot come up with the same results, this instrument cannot be measuring what it’s supposed to be measuring.
false
true or false: predictive validity is defined as teh extent to which a test can be used to forecast future behavior.
true
true or false: validity- the extent to which a test measure what it intends to measure
true
true or false: the stronger the evidence for reliability and validity, the more confident psychologists can be in their conclusions.
true
true or false: psychometric evaluation is defined as a process in which the developer subjects assessment instruments to rigorous statistical analyses to determine whether they meet certain standards
true
true or false: standardization is defined as the extent to which a test can be used to forecast future behavior.
false
true or false: researchers establish the internal consistency of tests by administering the test to large groups of individuals and deriving a statistic called alpha.
true
true or false: scientific approaches to assessment can be traced back to the first intelligence tests developed in france by Binet in the early 20th century.
true
what is incremental validity?
the extent to which a test provides information not available through other means
what is convergent validity?
the extent to which a test of one characteristic correlates with other tests of the same characteristic.
when different interviewers assessing the same person cannot come up with the same results, the instrument cannot be doing its job. what is this an example of?
interrater reliability
___ ensures that anyone taking a test has the same experience and scoring criteria, which allows psychologists to compare scores across diferent people.
standardization
researchers establish __ using longitudinal studies in which they compare scores from a test to a future characteristic.
predictive validity
___ validity is defined as the extent to which interview scores do not correlate with measures other than those related to the construct being measured.
discriminant
if an IQ test has ___, then it ___ correlate with tests of characteristic other than IQ
discriminant; does not
the consistency with which the test measures a particular variable is known as ___
reliability
an assessment report begins with a reason for ___
referral
___: the extent to which a test measures what it intends to measure
validity
measures with good ___ are desirable because they have items that all contribute in a meaningful way to the characteristic of interest
internal consistency
The first step in every interaction with a clinical psychologist typically involves a discussion of ___ from a client to begin assessment or treatment.
informed consent
Require a doctoral degree (such as PhD) activities include research, clinical practice, teaching, consultation, administration trained scientifically and practiccally regarded to be very knowledgeable and critical thinkers
clinical psychologist
is what initiates an assessment. it helps with thinking about what needs to be evaluated, assessments tools used, and goals to be worked on.
presenting problem
licensed physicians; diagnose, assess, treat, study mental health problems and disorders. attribute biological causes to mental health problems.
Psychiatrists
clinicians should be clear and open about matters of ___ and the conditions under which it could be breached.
confidentiality
allows individuals at imminent risk to be heal against will between 48-72 hours. promotes safety and monitoring. clinical psychologists encourage clients to receive evaluations.
Baker Acts
Psychologists are required to avoid ___, which are defined as instances when a psychologist has any type of affiliation with the client outside the therapeutic context.
Dual relationship
When WWII broke out, the military called upon clinical psychologists to address the symptoms of ___ that were observed among veterans engaged in combat.
Psychological traumas
They are licensed to diagnose and treat mental, behavioral, and emotional problems within the context of marriage, relationships, and family systems.
Marriage and Family Therapist
Most clinical psychologists ensure that they are practicing “within the bounds of their ____”
competence
The ___ formed in 1988 by an academic-scientific contingent whose goals included advancing the discipline of psychology, preserving its scientific base, and promoting public understanding of the field and its applications.
Association for Psychological Science or APS
Provide psychological treatment to individuals, groups, focus on familial and sociocultural factors underlying psychopathology involved with everyday lives and stresses of patients. visit the environments where patients spend bulk of their lives.
social workers
field of psychology devoted to research, teaching, and service relevant to the applications of principles, methods, and procedures for understanding predicting, social and behavioral maladjustment.
clinical psychology
work with educators to promote intellectual, social, and emotional growth of school age children. evaluating children and consulting with teachers about school policy.
counseling and school psychologist
generally, psychologists are only permitted to practice in states where they hold an active ___
license
the ___ training model encourages rigorous training in empirical research methods and the integration of scientific principles into clinical practice.
scientist-practicioner model
a landmark 1976 case ruled therapist was legally remiss for not informing all parties of the client’s intention to harm. established “duty to protect”
Tarasoff case
the consistency of test scores across some period of time
test-retest reliability
counseling is for a ___ period, while psychotherapy is ___.
shorter; longer
what are examples of unregulated psychological services?
psychotherapy, life coaches, and therapists.
the late 1800’s foundation that oversaw like all of psychology.
APA
the late 1900s foundation that oversaw psychological research
APS
what is the boulder model?
1949, scientist - practitioner model.
what is the vail model?
1973, practitioner scholar model.
what is the ABPP
its where you go to get board certified in your area of expertise.
