Chapter One COPY Flashcards
Anatomy
studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Physiology
the function of the body: how the body parts work and carry out their life- sustaining activities; reveals the body’s dynamic and animated workings; focus on events at the cellular or molecular level; rests of principles of physics
Gross or Macroscopic anatomy
the study of large body structure visible to the naked eye (heart, lungs, kidneys)
Regional anatomy
all the structures in a particular region of the body are examine at the same time
Systemic anatomy
body structure studied system by system
Surface anatomy
study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Microscopic Anatomy
structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Cytology
cells of the body
Histology
the study of tissues
Developmental anatomy
traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan
Embryology
concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
Palpation
feeling organs with your hands
Auscultation
listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope
Principle of Complementarity of structure and function
what a structure can do depends on its specific form; function always reflects structure
Principle of Complementarity of structure and function
what a structure can do depends on its specific form; function always reflects structure
Chemical level
atoms combine to form molecules
Cellular level
cells made up of molecules
Tissue level
tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level
organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ system level
organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organismal level
the human organism is made up of many organ systems
Maintaining its boundaries
internal environment remains distinct from the external environment
Movement
activities promoted by the muscular system
Responsiveness (excitability)
the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them
Digestion
the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
Metabolism
all chemical reactions that occur within body cells; breaking down substances into building blocks
Excretion
the process of removing wastes or excreta from the body
Reproduction
occurs on the cellular and organismal level
Growth
an increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole
Survival needs
includes nutrients (food), oxygen, water, and appropriate temperature, and atmospheric pressure
Nutrients
taken in via the diet, contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building; carbs are major energy fuel for the cell
Oxygen
humans can survive a few minutes without oxygen
Water
accounts for 50-60% of our body weight and is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body
Normal Body Temperature
37 degrees celsius, 98.6 degrees fahrenheit
Atmospheric pressure
the force that air exerts on the surface of the body
Homeostasis
the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously
Dynamic state of equilibrium
a balance in which conditions cary but always within relatively narrow limits
Variable
factor or event being regulated
Receptor
some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes called stimuli, by sending information input to the second component the control center
Input flows from the receptor to the control center along afferent pathways (approaches)
Control Center
determine the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained
Effector
provides the means for the control center response to the stimulus
