Chapter One - Adolescence

Question 1

What was it like as a kid during the middle ages?

Answer 1

terrible. they were subjected to harsher disciplines and seen/treated as mini adults.

Question 2

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau do in the 18th century?

Answer 2

Made the distinction between kids and adults, and declared there were distinct developmental stages.

Question 3

when did scientific research begin on adolescence?

Answer 3

20th century

Question 4

Beginning figures: G. Stanley Hall believed what about adolescence?

Answer 4

It was full of turbulence, and he viewed this stage as a storm-and-stressful time.

Question 5

Beginning figures: Margaret Mead’s sociocultural view entails what?

Answer 5

Well it says that the basic nature of adolescence is not biological but sociocultural. Basically culture has a tremendous impact on the turbulence often seen in adolescence.

Question 6

What is a cohort?

Answer 6

a group of people born at a similar time in history that share similar experiences as a result.

Question 7

what are cohort effects?

Answer 7

influences attributed to a person’s time of birth or the era they were born in. For example, COVID-19, Mass Shootings, and social media.

Question 8

what happened in 1950 in terms of adolescence?

Answer 8

it was recognized as a legal identity

Question 9

what was significant in the 1960s-70s?

Answer 9

ethnic and racial conflict reshape adolescence along with antiwar protests and feminist movements.

Question 10

who are Millennials?

Answer 10

the generation born after 1980, and the first to come of age in a new millenium. known for their tolerance, technology, social media, and diversity.

Question 11

whats wrong with millennials?

Answer 11

they are not transitioning well into adulthood, housing market is a disaster. Referred to as the boomerang generation.

Question 12

How are adolescents seen in the world?

Answer 12

sexual, lazy, selfish.

Question 13

Define an adolescent generalization gap

Answer 13

A perspective developed about a group of people based on a highly visible portion of that group.

Question 14

what is the marker for Gen Z?

Answer 14

born after 1997

Question 15

What’s a big context of development in America? and one that is often under researched?

Answer 15

Immigration

Question 16

What is Social Policy?

Answer 16

action taken by the Government to influence welfare of its citizens. Usually responsive and not preventative.

Question 17

what is a down fall of social policy in america?

Answer 17

focuses on negative developmental deficits.

Question 18

As of 2018, how many US Kids were apart of families under the poverty line?

Answer 18

14.3%

Question 19

What is Development?

Answer 19

is the pattern of change from conception to death, and it features growth and also decay.

Question 20

What determines human development?

Answer 20

social, cognitive, and socio-emotional processes.

Question 21

Inventionist view means what?

Answer 21

some people in this sphere argue that the concept of adolescence was created in the wake of compulsory education. *look up for more information

Question 22

the settings in which development occurs are known as?

Answer 22

context

Question 23

Periods of development make up..

Answer 23

human development

Question 24

stages of childhood..?

Answer 24

prenatal (conception to birth)-> infancy(18-24 months) -> early childhood (2-5 years)-> middle childhood & late childhood (6-11)

Question 25

what is the point of adolescence?

Answer 25

to prepare one for adulthood. it includes most pubertal change. is characterized by an absorbance of cultural standards and experiences.

Question 26

when does adolescence begin?

Answer 26

around age 10-13.

Question 27

developmentalists would say change does not end here. what are the later stages in life?

Answer 27

early adult (20s-30s) -> middle adult (35-45 to about 55-65) -> later

Question 28

what is emerging adulthood?

Answer 28

at about 18-25 years of age. kind of a touch and go staged, but characterized by independent decision making, financial independence, and marriage sometimes.

Question 29

what is happening with emerging adulthood in a more recent context?

Answer 29

it’s expanding to about 18-29 years.

Question 30

What are the four theories of adolescent development?

Answer 30

Psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral and social cognitive, and ecological. They can have opposing views, but generally they complement each other.

Question 31

what is the psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 31

focuses on the unconscious and emotional mental processes. our behaviors are a surface result of a working, unconscious mind. early experiences shape development.

Question 32

what did freud have to say?

Answer 32

A) He believed in his 5 psychosexual stages, B) that personality was divided in 3 structures.

Question 33

What did erikson say?

Answer 33

He had the psychosocial fever- the desire to socialize with others. Development continues throughout life. He had 8 stages of development.

Question 34

which of erikson’s stages concerned adolescents?

Answer 34

Identity vs Identity Confusion

Question 35

what were the cons associated with psychoanalytic theory of development?

Answer 35

can’t really be proven, too much emphasis on sexual motivation and negativity.

Question 36

What is the cognitive theory?

Answer 36

More focus on conscious thoughts.

Question 37

What is Piaget’ cognitive developmental theory?

Answer 37

Basically four stages of development . sensory motor, pre operational, concrete operational, and formal operation.

Question 38

what is sensory motor?

Answer 38

birth to year 2. this time in life is about sensory based stuff. so like when babies are constantly putting random shit in their mouth.

Question 39

what is preoperational?

Answer 39

2-6 or 7 years. interpreting the world symbolically. Object permanence is a major acquisition during this time.

Question 40

what is concrete operational?

Answer 40

7-11 years. concrete and logical reasoning, less self-centered.

Question 41

what is formal operation?

Answer 41

11-adult. achieve abstract thinking. organize and adapt to their experiences.

Question 42

what is Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory?

Answer 42

“people actively construct their knowledge”, zone of proximal development. emphasizes the importance of social interaction and culture.

Question 43

what is Information Processing theory?

Answer 43

unlike piaget, it’s not stage like.

Question 44

whats wrong with the cognitive theories?

Answer 44

they are too generalized and especially for piaget, too perfect.

Question 45

What is the Behavioral and Social Cognitive theory?

Answer 45

“we learn from consequence”

Question 46

what is Skinner’s operant conditioning thing?

Answer 46

reward and punishment.

Question 47

What is Bandura’s social cognitive theory?

Answer 47

looks at the relationship between environment & person & behavior

Question 48

whats wrong with Behavioral and Social Cognitive theory?

Answer 48

doesn’t do enough for the cognitive perspective and pays little attention to developmental change.

Question 49

what is the ecological theory?

Answer 49

observes the five systems that surround us and influence our development. This is the general as fuck theory proposed by Bronfenbenner.

Question 50

what are the five stages that bronfenbenner talks about?

Answer 50

Micro, Meso, Exo, Macro, and Chrono.

Question 51

What is eclectical theoretical orientation?

Answer 51

it’s a perspective that doesn’t follow just one theory. It kind of mixes and matches. This can be a poor standing due to the opposing views, but like I said earlier it can complement each other.