Chapter One - Adolescence Flashcards
Exam 1
What was it like as a kid during the middle ages?
terrible. they were subjected to harsher disciplines and seen/treated as mini adults.
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau do in the 18th century?
Made the distinction between kids and adults, and declared there were distinct developmental stages.
when did scientific research begin on adolescence?
20th century
Beginning figures: G. Stanley Hall believed what about adolescence?
It was full of turbulence, and he viewed this stage as a storm-and-stressful time.
Beginning figures: Margaret Mead’s sociocultural view entails what?
Well it says that the basic nature of adolescence is not biological but sociocultural. Basically culture has a tremendous impact on the turbulence often seen in adolescence.
What is a cohort?
a group of people born at a similar time in history that share similar experiences as a result.
what are cohort effects?
influences attributed to a person’s time of birth or the era they were born in. For example, COVID-19, Mass Shootings, and social media.
what happened in 1950 in terms of adolescence?
it was recognized as a legal identity
what was significant in the 1960s-70s?
ethnic and racial conflict reshape adolescence along with antiwar protests and feminist movements.
who are Millennials?
the generation born after 1980, and the first to come of age in a new millenium. known for their tolerance, technology, social media, and diversity.
whats wrong with millennials?
they are not transitioning well into adulthood, housing market is a disaster. Referred to as the boomerang generation.
How are adolescents seen in the world?
sexual, lazy, selfish.
Define an adolescent generalization gap
A perspective developed about a group of people based on a highly visible portion of that group.
what is the marker for Gen Z?
born after 1997
What’s a big context of development in America? and one that is often under researched?
Immigration
What is Social Policy?
action taken by the Government to influence welfare of its citizens. Usually responsive and not preventative.
what is a down fall of social policy in america?
focuses on negative developmental deficits.
As of 2018, how many US Kids were apart of families under the poverty line?
14.3%
What is Development?
is the pattern of change from conception to death, and it features growth and also decay.
What determines human development?
social, cognitive, and socio-emotional processes.
Inventionist view means what?
some people in this sphere argue that the concept of adolescence was created in the wake of compulsory education. *look up for more information
the settings in which development occurs are known as?
context
Periods of development make up..
human development
stages of childhood..?
prenatal (conception to birth)-> infancy(18-24 months) -> early childhood (2-5 years)-> middle childhood & late childhood (6-11)
what is the point of adolescence?
to prepare one for adulthood. it includes most pubertal change. is characterized by an absorbance of cultural standards and experiences.
when does adolescence begin?
around age 10-13.
developmentalists would say change does not end here. what are the later stages in life?
early adult (20s-30s) -> middle adult (35-45 to about 55-65) -> later
what is emerging adulthood?
at about 18-25 years of age. kind of a touch and go staged, but characterized by independent decision making, financial independence, and marriage sometimes.
what is happening with emerging adulthood in a more recent context?
it’s expanding to about 18-29 years.
What are the four theories of adolescent development?
Psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral and social cognitive, and ecological. They can have opposing views, but generally they complement each other.
what is the psychoanalytic theory?
focuses on the unconscious and emotional mental processes. our behaviors are a surface result of a working, unconscious mind. early experiences shape development.
what did freud have to say?
A) He believed in his 5 psychosexual stages, B) that personality was divided in 3 structures.
What did erikson say?
He had the psychosocial fever- the desire to socialize with others. Development continues throughout life. He had 8 stages of development.
which of erikson’s stages concerned adolescents?
Identity vs Identity Confusion
what were the cons associated with psychoanalytic theory of development?
can’t really be proven, too much emphasis on sexual motivation and negativity.
What is the cognitive theory?
More focus on conscious thoughts.
What is Piaget’ cognitive developmental theory?
Basically four stages of development . sensory motor, pre operational, concrete operational, and formal operation.
what is sensory motor?
birth to year 2. this time in life is about sensory based stuff. so like when babies are constantly putting random shit in their mouth.
what is preoperational?
2-6 or 7 years. interpreting the world symbolically. Object permanence is a major acquisition during this time.
what is concrete operational?
7-11 years. concrete and logical reasoning, less self-centered.
what is formal operation?
11-adult. achieve abstract thinking. organize and adapt to their experiences.
what is Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory?
“people actively construct their knowledge”, zone of proximal development. emphasizes the importance of social interaction and culture.
what is Information Processing theory?
unlike piaget, it’s not stage like.
whats wrong with the cognitive theories?
they are too generalized and especially for piaget, too perfect.
What is the Behavioral and Social Cognitive theory?
“we learn from consequence”
what is Skinner’s operant conditioning thing?
reward and punishment.
What is Bandura’s social cognitive theory?
looks at the relationship between environment & person & behavior
whats wrong with Behavioral and Social Cognitive theory?
doesn’t do enough for the cognitive perspective and pays little attention to developmental change.
what is the ecological theory?
observes the five systems that surround us and influence our development. This is the general as fuck theory proposed by Bronfenbenner.
what are the five stages that bronfenbenner talks about?
Micro, Meso, Exo, Macro, and Chrono.
What is eclectical theoretical orientation?
it’s a perspective that doesn’t follow just one theory. It kind of mixes and matches. This can be a poor standing due to the opposing views, but like I said earlier it can complement each other.
