Chapter One

Question 1

Empirical

Answer 1

Based on experience.

Question 2

Authority

Answer 2

Based on someone else’s knowledge.

Question 3

Logic

Answer 3

Based on inductive and deductive reasoning.

Question 4

Intuition

Answer 4

Spontaneous perception or judgement not based on reasoned mental steps.

Question 5

Common Sense

Answer 5

Practical intelligence shared by a group of people.

Question 6

Counterintuitive

Answer 6

Something that goes against common sense.

Question 7

Science

Answer 7

A way of obtaining knowledge by means of objective observations.

Question 8

Parsimony

Answer 8

Using the simplest possible explanation.

Question 9

Realism

Answer 9

The philosophy that objects perceived have an existence outside of the mind.

Question 10

Rationality

Answer 10

A view that reasoning has the basis in solving problems.

Question 11

Regularity

Answer 11

A belief that phenomena exist in recurring patterns that conform with universal laws.

Question 12

Discoverability

Answer 12

The belief that it is possible to to learn solutions to the questions posed.

Question 13

Determinism

Answer 13

The doctrine that all events happen because of preceding causes.

Question 14

Temporal precedence

Answer 14

Something that occurs prior to another thing.

Question 15

co variation of cause and effect

Answer 15

When the cause is introduced the effect occurs.

Question 16

Probabilistic co-variation

Answer 16

Statistical association of cause and effect.

Question 17

Elimination of alternative explanations

Answer 17

No explanation for an effect other than the purported cause is possible.

Question 18

Law

Answer 18

A statement that certain events are regularly associated with each other in an orderly way.

Question 19

Theory

Answer 19

A statement, or set of statements that explain one or more laws, usually including one indirect statement explaining the relationship.

Question 20

Falsifiability

Answer 20

The property of a good theory that it is capable of disproof.

Question 21

Hypothesis

Answer 21

A statement assumed to be true for the purpose of testing its validity.

Question 22

Operationism

Answer 22

A view that scientific concepts must be defined in terms of observable operations.

Question 23

Operational definition

Answer 23

a statement of the precise meaning of a procedure or concept of an experiment.

Question 24

Converging operations

Answer 24

Using different operational definitions to arrive at the definition of a concept.

Question 25

Paradigm

Answer 25

A set of laws, theories, methods, and applications that form a scientific research tradition, for example, pavlovian conditioning.