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CHEM 112 > Chapter one > Flashcards

Chapter one Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Matter

A

anything that has mass and occupies space

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2
Q

Define mass

A

the property that define the quantity of matter in an object

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3
Q

What are the two classes of matter?

A

Pure substances, and mixtures

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4
Q

What is a pure substance?

A

Matter that has a constant composition and cannot be broken down into simpler matter by any physical process. This can either be elements or compounds. (Think of gold which is a element and pure water which can be broken down through a CHEMICAL process.)

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5
Q

Define heterogeneous

A

This is when the substances are NOT distributed equally. Think of salad dressing

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6
Q

Define homogenous

A

This is when the substances are distributed equally.

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7
Q

Define a compound

A

A pure substance that is composed of two or more elements combined in fixed proportions that can be broken down into those elements through a chemical reaction.

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8
Q

Define an atom

A

The smallest particle that retains the elements properties.

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9
Q

Define a molecule

A

A collection of atoms chemically bonded together in characteristic proportions

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10
Q

What is the law of constant composition?

A

Every sample of a compound always contains the same elements combined in the same proportions

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11
Q

Define Ion

A

A particle consisting of one or more atoms that has a net positive or negative electrical charge

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12
Q

What is a cation

A

This is what a positive ion is called

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13
Q

What is an anions

A

This is what a negative ion is called

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14
Q

What does COAST stand for

A

Collect
Organize
Analyze
Solve
Think about it

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15
Q

Define intensive properties

A

A property independent of the amount of the substance present

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16
Q

Define extensive property

A

A property that varies with the quantity of the substance present

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17
Q

Define what a physical property is

A

A property of a substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance

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18
Q

Define density

A

The ratio of mass of an object to its volume

19
Q

Define what a chemical property is

A

A property of a substance that can be observed by reacting it to form another NEW substance

20
Q

Define a solid

A

has definite volume and shape

21
Q

Define a liquid

A

has a definite volume but not a definite shape

22
Q

define a gas

A

has neither definite volume nor shape

23
Q

What is is called when a solid goes DIRECTLY to a gas

A

Sublimation

24
Q

What is it called when a gas goes DIRECTLY to a solid

A

deposition

25
Q

What is is called when a liquid goes to a gas and vice versa

A

Liquid -> Gas is called vaporization
Gas-> Liquid is called condensation

26
Q

What is it called when a liquid goes to a solid and vice versa

A

Liquid -> Solid is called freezing
Solid -> Liquid is called melting

27
Q

What is the scientific method

A

An approach to acquiring knowledge based on observation of phenomena, development of a testable hypothesis, and additional experiments that test the validity of the hypothesis

28
Q

Define a hypothesis

A

A tentative and testable explanation for an observation or a series of observations

29
Q

Define the scientific theory or model

A

a general explanation of widely observed phenomenon that has been extensively tested and validated

30
Q

Define what a significant figure is

A

all the certain digits in a measured value plus one estimated digit; the greater the number of significant figures, the greater the certainty which the value is known

31
Q

Define precision

A

an agreement between the results of multiple measurements that were carried out in the same way

32
Q

Define accuracy

A

an agreement between one or more experimental values and the the true (or accepted) value

33
Q

Define mean

A

an average calculated by summing a set of related values and dividing the sum by the number of values in the set

34
Q

Define standard deviation

A

a measure of the amount of variation, or dispersion, in a set of related values.

35
Q

Define confidence interval

A

a range of values that has a specified probability of containing the true value of measurement

36
Q

Define outliers

A

a date point that is distant from the other observations

37
Q

What is grubbs’ test

A

A statistical test used to detect an outlier in a set of data

38
Q

Define absolute zero

A

The zero point on the kelvin temperature scale; theoretically the lowest temperature possible

39
Q

Define chemical reaction

A

The transformation of one or more substances into a different substance

40
Q

Define what a chemical equation is

A

a chemical equation uses formulas to express the identities of substances involved in a reaction and uses coefficients to indicate quantities.

41
Q

How can you find the density of an unknown object?

A

Mass can be found by weighing the object. The volume, depending on the shape we can measure the object. However if the shape is too irregular we can use water displacement.

42
Q

What are the rules regarding significant digits.

A
  1. all non zero integers are significant
  2. leading zeros are not significant
  3. trailing zeros are not significant unless AFTER a decimal
  4. captive zeros are always significant
43
Q

What is the rule with significant digits when ADDING

A

You use the number with the least amount of decimal places

44
Q

What is the rule significant digits when multiplying

A

You use the number with the least amount of significant digits

CHEM 112 (3 decks)

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