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chapter one Flashcards

2. 1.1: The Heart 3. 1.2: Blood Vessels 4. 1.3: Blood 5. 1.4: Cardiovascular Diseases & Disorders 6. 1.5: The Immune System

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1
Q

four main functions of the cardiovascular system

A

1) Oxygen & nutrient transport
- oxygen and nutrients are delivered to different tissues and carbon dioxide is collected to be
removed
.
2) Hormone transportation & delivery
- all hormones are delivered to target organs via the blood vessels
.
3) Maintains body temperature
- heat is lost when blood vessels move closer to the surface of the skin
.
4) Helps protect body from disease and infection
- white blood cells are transported to foreign bodies or sites of infection via the blood vessels .

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2
Q

formula for calculating cardiac output

A

cardio output = stroke volume x heart rate

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3
Q

How does the heart supply itself with the oxygen it needs to continue contracting?

A

through the coronary arteries

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4
Q

what is a pacemaker?

A

specialized tissue that sends electrical impulses to regulate heartbeat

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5
Q

how many chambers does the heart consist of? and what are they?

A

four chambers: right and left atria + left and right ventricles

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6
Q

where are the right & left atria + left and right ventricles and where do they pump blood to?

A
  • right & left artia: upper portions that receive blood returning to heart
  • left & right ventricles: lower portions that pump blood away from the heart

The left and right side are separated by the SEPTUM.
It is protected by the sternum in the center of your chest.

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7
Q

Function of the vena cava and where the superior and inferior bring in blood from

A

1) The VENA CAVA are large veins that bring oxygen-poor and carbon dioxide-rich blood back to the RIGHT ATRIUM of the heart.
— SUPERIOR VENA CAVA: brings blood from the upper extremities
— INFERIOR VENA CAVA: brings blood from the lower extremities

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8
Q

where does the right ventricle contract and push blood into and via what?

A

pushes blood into the lungs via the pulmonary artery. this is where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

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9
Q

the right atrium contracts and pushes blood into the…

A

right ventricle

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10
Q

Oxygen-rich blood is transported to the LEFT ____ via the PULMONARY VEIN.

A

left atrium

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11
Q

the left atrium contracts and pushes blood into the…

A

left ventricle

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12
Q

the left ventricle contracts and pushes blood into the… which is an artery that extends through the whole body and supplies all your tissues with ______.

A

Aorta… oxygen-rich blood.

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13
Q

what sound does the systole and diastole cycles make?

A

SYSTOLE: “LUB”
DIASTOLE: ‘DUB”

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14
Q

is systole referring to when the ventricles are contracting and forcing blood out of the heart? or to when the atria and ventricles are relaxed and blood is filling the chambers?

A

when the ventricles are contracting and forcing blood out of the heart

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15
Q

what is happening in a systole cycle?

A

ventricles contract to force blood out the heart – results in high pressure – causing the atrioventricular valves to close – causing the semilunar valves to be forced open so blood is forced out to the body.

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16
Q

what is happening in a diastole cycle?

A

atria and ventricles relax – blood fills the chambers – resulting in low pressure – which causes the atrioventricular valves to open – and the semilunar valves to close due to higher pressure outside of the heart.

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17
Q

Factors affecting heart rate
(6)

A

1) Emotions: fear or excitement can increase heart rate
2) Temperature: higher temperatures increase heart rate
3) Exercise: increases heart rate
4) Fitness level: the more fit you are the lower your heart rate is (more efficient)
5) Age & weight
6) Disease, diet & poor life choices

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18
Q

when is the resting heart rate best measured?

A

each morning immediately after waking up.

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19
Q

what is the maximum heart rate?

A

The maximum heart rate is the highest possible number of heartbeats per minute when a person is exercising as hard as possible.
The maximum heartbeat is used to calculate target heart rates when exercising.
Once you know the maximum heart rate based on your age, you can calculate the target heart rate for particular exercise goals.

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20
Q

formula for calculating maximum heart rate:

A

maximum heart rate = 220 - individuals age

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21
Q

what are the three main types of blood vessels?

A
  1. ARTERIES
  2. VEINS
  3. CAPILLARIES
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22
Q

what are arteries?

A
  • Blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart.
  • thick, elastic walls that withstand the pressure of your pumping heart.
  • As they get farther from the heart, they become smaller and less thick (referred to as ARTERIOLES –These are attached to the CAPILLARIES.)
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23
Q

what are the major arteries? (2)

A
  1. AORTA:
    - carries oxygen-RICH blood from left ventricle to the rest of your body
  2. PULMONARY ARTERY:
    - carries oxygen-POOR blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to pick up oxygen
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24
Q

what are capillaries?

A

-Vessels that are responsible for exchange of nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and wastes!
- are thin (one cell thick) and have much lower pressure, which allows for easy exchange via diffusion
- entire body is covered in capillaries to supply all your tissues and organs with the nutrients they need.
- Once the exchanges have been made, capillaries branch into larger vessels called VENULES, then VEINS.

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25
Q

what are veins?

A
  • Blood vessels that carry blood TOWARDS the heart.
  • Do not need to be as thick or elastic as arteries.
  • Pressure is lower than arteries, but higher than capillaries.
  • They contain valves that prevent blood from flowing backwards.
  • Blood is pushed towards the heart by muscle contractions.
  • can become damaged and stretched. This can lead to VARICOSE VEINS.
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26
Q

what are the major veins? (2)

A
  1. VENA CAVA:
    - carries oxygen-POOR blood back to the right atrium of the heart
  2. PULMONARY VEIN
    - carries oxygen-RICH blood from the lungs to the left atrium
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27
Q

definition of blood pressure? what can it be measured by?

A

refers to the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of your arteries. We can measure this using a SPHYGMOMANOMETER also called a blood pressure cuff.

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28
Q

what is the SPHYGMOMANOMETER (blood pressure cuff) measuring? formula?

A

measures pressure by the height change in the column of mercury (mmHg).The more pressure, the higher the height change.

Arterial pressure = air cuff pressure = column of mercury pressure

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29
Q

what do the top and bottom numbers represent? what do they measure? (124/78) what unit of measurement?

A

The first (top) number is the SYSTOLIC PRESSURE.
This measures the artery pressure when the ventricles are contracting.
When you fill the blood pressure cuff, you release the air until you can hear a beat.

The second (bottom) number is the DIASTOLIC PRESSURE.
This measures the residual pressure when the ventricles are relaxed and filling with blood. You keep releasing the air in the cuff, until you stop hearing a beat again.

They are both measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg).

30
Q

If blood pressure gets too high, damage can occur to ______ which can occur when… and in response the body will…

A

blood vessels. can occur when you are anxious, exercising, have kidney problems or have plaque build up in your arteries. In response, your body will dilate the blood vessels to help decrease pressure.

31
Q

If blood pressure gets too low, tissues may not get enough _____ supply.
In response, your body will…

A

oxygen. constrict the blood vessels to help increase pressure.

32
Q

how many litres of blood does a typical human body contain?

A

5L

33
Q

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD (6)

A
  • delivers oxygen & nutrients to body tissues
  • removes metabolic wastes
  • transports hormones around the body
  • protects you from disease
  • maintains water levels, temperature & pH
  • can be analyzed to determine & diagnose potential imbalances.
34
Q

BLOOD COMPONENTS?
(4)

A

Blood is a mixture. It is composed of different cells surrounded in a fluid.
If blood settles or is spun in a centrifuge, it can be separated into its different parts.

  1. PLASMA
  2. RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)
  3. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)
  4. PLATELETS
35
Q

what is PLASMA?

A
  • Yellowish fluid that makes up 55% of blood volume.
    -All other components are suspended in this fluid. This includes red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, dissolved carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, nutrients & proteins.

Plasma can be donated just like blood.

36
Q

what are RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)?

A
  • They are biconcave shaped cells that transport oxygen throughout the body (think of a donut with without the middle missing).
  • This shape allows the cells to pass through your blood vessels with ease and allows for efficient gas exchange.
  • They are able to carry oxygen due to HEMOGLOBIN. This pigment gives blood it’s red colour and it contains iron, which interacts with oxygen in
    the blood.
  • A diet lacking in iron can lead to ANEMIA
  • Erythrocytes are created in the bone marrow and are recycled every 120 days. They are also unique in that they do not have a nucleus!
    This gives them more space to collect oxygen.
37
Q

what are WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)?

A

-These cells are responsible for defending the body from foreign invaders.
- They are found in lower numbers than red blood cells, until disease-causing organisms are detected.
- There are different types of white blood cells, that each serve their own specific function.
-They are produced in the bone marrow as well but keep their nucleus.
- They also have a much shorter lifespan (13 - 20 days).

38
Q

what are PLATELETS?

A
  • When you get cut or hurt, platelets go the site to start the blood clotting process.
    -They come in contact with the rough surface of the cut and rupture.
    -When they rupture, FIBRINOGEN is released.
    -This is converted into a thread-like substance called FIBRIN.
  • FIBRIN forms a net that captures red blood cells to form a clot.
  • This clot eventually hardens and becomes a scab.
  • Some people are unable to produce the proteins required for blood clotting. We call this condition HEMOPHILIA
39
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS (7)

A
  • older age
  • family history of cardiovascular disease
  • bad diet
  • lack of exercise
  • overweight
  • high blood pressure
  • smoking
40
Q

what are saturated fats?

A

Carbon chain with ALL single bonds.
This fat can be found in animal fats, lard, butter & cheese.
These raise LDL levels and should be limited.

41
Q

what are trans fats?

A

These are produced by bubbling hydrogen gas through hot, pressurized vegetable oil. This is commonly found in shortening, margarine, processed food and fast food. These raise LDL and lower HDL and should be limited.

42
Q

what are unsaturated fats?

A

Carbon chains with at least one double or triple bond.
They can be MONOUNSATURATED (ex. omega-9 fatty acids).
They can be POLYUNSATURATED (ex. omega-3 & omega-6 fatty acids).
This fat can be found in olive oil, corn oil, canola oil, fish & marine mammals.
These lower LDL and raise HDL so these are better diet choices.

43
Q

what is ATHEROSCLEROSIS?

A

This blood vessel disease occurs when the arteries harden.
This is due to the accumulation of CHOLESTEROL & other fatty substances on the artery walls.
CHOLESTEROL is a crucial component of cell membranes so a healthy amount is important. When we consume too much CHOLESTEROL, this causes a build up in the vessels called
PLAQUE.
This causes the blood vessel to narrow, which puts strain on the heart.

44
Q

what are the two main types of cholesterol?

A
  1. low-density lipoprotein
    carries cholesterol from the liver to the body tissues
    leads to cholesterol buildup in the arteries
    increases the risk of heart attack & stroke
  2. high-density lipoprotein
    carries cholesterol from the body tissues to the liver
    may prevent cholesterol buildup in the arteries
    decreases the risk of heart attack & stroke
45
Q

what is CORONARY HEART DISEASE?

A

This occurs when atherosclerosis occurs to the arteries that supply the heart with blood = CORONARY ARTERIES.
Since the heart is not being well-supplied with oxygenated blood, wastes build up. This can lead to intense chest pain called ANGINA.

46
Q

what are blood clots?

A

Platelets can rupture on the plaque buildup in your arteries.
This reaction produces FIBRIN, which acts as a net to catch red blood cells. This can form a BLOOD CLOT!
This can lead to many different problems – heart attack, stroke, deep vein thrombosis

47
Q

what is a heart attack?

A

Blood clot that blocks the coronary arteries.
This causes the cardiac muscle cells to die, which can permanently damage your heart.

48
Q

what is a stroke?

A

Blood clot that ruptures or blocks arteries in the brain. This causes the cells to die due to lack of oxygen.
The impacts of a stroke depend on what part of the brain was starved of oxygen.

49
Q

what is DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS

A

Blood clot that blocks artery or vein (typically in lower extremities). This clot can travel towards the heart and block the lung arteries. This is called a PULMONARY EMBOLISM

50
Q

what is an aneurysm?

A

This blood vessel disease occurs when there is a bulging or weakness in an artery wall. This can occur in the aorta and in the blood vessels in the brain.
There is a risk that these can rupture, which can cause death and internal bleeding.

51
Q

what is SEPTAL HEART DEFECTS?

A

These defects are holes in the SEPTUM (the thick wall that separates the ventricles). This allows deoxygenated and oxygenated blood to mix.
This hole is present during fetal development since the baby gets it oxygen from mom, not the lungs.
Sometimes it does not close up properly, which can cause problems.

52
Q

what is VALVULAR HEART DISEASE?

A

These defects affect the valves in the heart.
Valves ensure that blood flow occurs in one direction so a defect can impact proper blood flow through the body.
We can now repair these defects with the use of an ARTIFICAL VALVE.

53
Q

what are the four main routes that disease can spread?

A

1) Airborne: typically spread through droplets released when infected people breathe, cough or sneeze
ex. cold, anthrax, chickenpox, influenza

2) Direct contact: with body fluids (blood, semen, saliva etc)
- contamination can also occur through VECTORS (← click me)
ex. Lyme disease, sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis, HIV

3) Water-borne: ingestion or contact with water contaminated with feces or other contaminants ex. cholera, giardiasis, typhoid

4) Foodborne: eating food that is contaminated with bacteria, viruses or parasites.
- AKA Food poisoning
ex. botulism, salmonellosis, E. coli, listeriosis

54
Q

who is Joseph Lister?

A

was the first doctor to consider & use ANTISEPTICS.
He believed that hospitals needed to be clean and micro-organisms needed to be controlled.

55
Q

TYPES OF PATHOGENS? (4)

A
  1. BACTERIA
  2. VIRUS
  3. FUNGI
  4. PROTOZOA
56
Q

BACTERIA PROPERTIES

A
  • SINGLE CELLED
  • NO NUCLEUS
  • COME IN MANY SIZES AND SHAPES
  • TREATED WITH ANTIBIOTICS
57
Q

VIRUS PROPERTIES

A
  • TINY NON-LIVING PARTICLES
  • INFECT HOST BY INJECTING THEIR GENETICS INTO HOST CELLS
  • INFECTED CELLS BURST AND RELEASE MORE VIRUS
  • TREATED WITH ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
58
Q

FUNGI PROPERTIES

A
  • SIMPLE MULTI CELLED ORGANISMS
  • OBTAIN FOOD THROUGH ABSORPTION (DO NOT PHOTOSYNTHESIZE)
  • REPRODUCE USING SPORES
59
Q

PROTOZOA PROPERTIES

A
  • SMALL SINGLE CELLED ORGANISMS
  • HAVE A NUCLEUS
  • SOME ARE PARASITES + REQUIRE HOST CELLS TO SURVIVE
60
Q

how does the immune system respond?

A

ANTIGENS are recognized by the immune system and cause an immune response. ANTIGENS are molecules found on the surface of pathogens.
In response, your body creates ANTIBODIES.
Each ANTIBODY is designed for a specific ANTIGEN & helps to destroy the pathogen.

61
Q

WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT CELLS? (7)

A
  1. MACROPHAGE
  2. T CELLS
  3. HELPER T CELL
  4. KILLER T CELL
  5. SUPPRESSOR T CELLS
  6. B CELLS
  7. MEMORY B & T CELLS
62
Q

what are MACROPHAGE cells?

A
  • GUARD/SENTRY
  • identify, destroy & remove foreign materials & dead cells
  • Alert & activate other cells to Intruder
  • Displays ANTIGEN on surface to attract T cells
63
Q

what are T CELLS?

A
  • blood cells that mature in the thymus
64
Q

what are HELPER T CELLS?

A
  • DETECTIVE
  • Recognizes & binds to ANTIGEN on macrophage
  • Alerts B cells & Killer Tcells about intruder
  • Uses chemical messages
65
Q

what are KILLER T CELLS?

A
  • HUNTER
  • Get chemical message from Helper Tcells
  • Reconize & bind to target cell membrane
  • Release protein that destroys cell membrane - killing cell & pathogen inside
66
Q

what are SUPPRESSOR T CELLS?

A
  • Signals immune system to stop immune response once invader has been destroyed
  • Returns body to normal state
67
Q

what are B CELLS?

A

-blood cells that mature in the BONE MARROW
- Get chemical message from Helper T cell to multiply
* PRODUCE ANTIBODIES (antigen specific)

68
Q

what are MEMORY B & T CELLS ?

A
  • Made during immune response
  • Blueprint is kept - easier to recognize next time
69
Q

what are vaccinations?

A

VACCINATIONS safely introduce a antigen for a specific pathogen to stimulate an immune response.
Antibodies are made to match this specific antigen.
Memory B & T cells remember this antigen so that if you do get the illness, your body can response quicker.

70
Q

who is the scientist that led to the development of vaccines? how did he discover what he did?

A

Edward Jenner — In the late 1700’s, smallpox was a deadly virus that killed 1/3 of the people infected. MIlkmaids, who were exposed to cowpox (less virulent), were resistant to smallpox. This suggested to Jenner that they had somehow developed immunity to the virus through exposure to a less deadly version.
Using this knowledge, he took pus from a cowpox sore and put that in a cut on a young boy. This process is called INOCULATION.
Once this boy recovered from cowpox, he was injected with smallpox and DID NOT become sick! These results suggest that cowpox and smallpox have similar antigens! Smallpox is another example of a disease that has been eradicated due to vaccinations! .

71
Q

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES definition and examples (4):

A

These diseases occur when your body produces antibodies against your own tissues. It recognizes part of yourself as “foreign” and attacks those cells.
Examples include:
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Multiple sclerosis
- Diabetes mellitus (Type 1)
- Lupus

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