Chapter One Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
Define Anatomy
A
it is the study and structure of form
2
Q
Physiology
Define Physiology
A
it is the study of function of the body parts
it’s when someone study the function of body parts
3
Q
Microscopic Anatomy
Define Microscopic Anatomy
A
structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye
you have to look at the structures with the help of a microscope
4
Q
Cytology
Define Cytology (cellular anatomy)
A
the study of the body cells and their internal structure
5
Q
Histology
Define Histology
A
The study of body tissues
6
Q
Gross Anatomy
Define Gross Anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)
A
study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
structures you can see without a microscope ex. skeletal system
7
Q
Systemic Anatomy
Define Systemic Anatomy
A
Anatomy of each functional body system
8
Q
Regional Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
A
all of the stuctures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit
9
Q
Surface Anatomy
Define Surface Anatomy
A
focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them
10
Q
Comparative Anatomy
Define Comparative Anatomy
A
examines similarities and the differences in the anatomy of difference species
11
Q
Embryology
Embryology
A
concerned specifically with developmental changes occuring prior to birth
12
Q
Pathologic Anatomy
Pathologic Anatomy
A
examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease
13
Q
Radiographic Anatomy
Define Radiographic Anatomy
A
Investigates the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures
14
Q
Physiologists
Define Physiologists
A
Examine the function of body structures, focusing on the molecular and cellular level
15
Q
Cardiovasulcar Physiology
What is Cardiovascular Physiology?
A
When someone examines the functions of the heart and blood vessels
16
Q
Neurophysiology
What is Neurophysiology?
A
it’s when somone examines how nerve impules travel throughout the nervous system
17
Q
Repiratory Physiology
Define Respiratory Physiology
A
studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels
18
Q
Pathophysiology
Define Pathophysiology
A
investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system.
19
Q
Metabolism
What is a Metabolism
A
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism
20
Q
Anabolism
What is Anabolism
A
small molecules are joined to form larger molecules
21
Q
Catabolism
Define Catabolism
A
large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
22
Q
Chemical Level
What is the Chemical Level
A
Atoms and Molecules
23
Q
Atom
Define Atom
A
it is the smallest unit of matter
24
Q
Molecule
Define Molecule
A
two or more atoms combined
25
# Macromolecules
What is a Macromolecule
Include proteins and DNA. Form specialized microscopic subunits called Organelles
| carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, and nucleic acids
26
# Organelles
Define Organelles
Microscopic subunits
27
# Cellular Level
Describe the Cellular Level
Consists of cells which are the smallest living structures and serve as the basic units of structure and function in organisms
28
# Tissue Level
Describe the Tissue Level
Consists of tissues, which are groups of similar cells that perform common functions.
29
# Organ Level
Describe the Organ Level
Composed of organs, which contain two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions.
30
# Organ System Level
Describe the Organ System Level
Contains related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function.
| ex. urinary system
31
# Organismal Level
Describe the Organismal Level
highest level of structural organization in the body
32
# Integumentary System
Describe the Integumentary System
Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails. It provides protection, prevents water loss and gain, synthesizes vitamin D, releases secretions, regulates body temperature, and houses sensory receptors.
33
# Skeletal System
Describe the Skeletal System
Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints. Provides support and protection, site of hematopoiesis, stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for ligament and muscle attacthments
34
# Muscle System
Describe the Muscle System
Consists of muscles, produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract.
35
# Nervous System
Describe the Nervous System
Consists of nerves. It is a regulatory system that responds to sensory stimuli, and controls muscles and some glands. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory.
36
# Endocrine System
Endocrine System
Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control digestive processes, control reproductive fucntions.
| Ex. Thyroid gland
37
# Cardiovascular System
Describe the Cardiovascular System
Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products.
38
# Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System
Transports and filters lymph and may participate in an immune response.
39
# Respiratory System
Describe the Respiratory System
Responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air between the lungs.
40
# Urinary System
Describe the Urinary System
Filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body.
41
# Disgestive System
Describe the Digestive System
Mechanically and chemically digests food, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products.
42
# Male Reproductive System
Describe the Male Reproductive System
Produces male sex cells and male hormones.
43
# Female Reproductive System
Describe the Female Reproductive System
Produces female sex cells, receives sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus, produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborn.
44
# Anatomic Position
What is the Anatomic Position
Stands upright with the feet parallel and flat to the floor, the upper limbs are at the sides of the body, and the palms face anteriorly.
| Anterior means front
45
# Coronal Plane (frontal plane)
What is the Coronal Plane
Vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts. Anterior portion contains the chest and the posterior portion contains the back and buttocks
46
# Transverse Plane (horizontal plane)
What is the Transverse Plane
Divides the body or organ into superior and inferior parts. The superior portion contains the chest and the inferior portion contains the abdomen.
47
# Midsagittal Plane (Medial Plane
Describe the Midsagittal Plane
Vertical plane and divdes the body organs into equal left and right halves.
48
# Anterior
Define Anterior
In front of; toward the front surface
49
# Posterior
Define Posterior
In back of; toward the back surface
50
# Dorsal
Define Dorsal
Toward the back side of the human body
51
# Ventral
Define Ventral
Toward the belly side of the human body
52
# Superior
Define Superior
Closer to the head
53
# Inferior
Define Inferior
Closer to the feet
54
# Cranial (cephalic)
Define Cranial (anatomic direction)
Toward the head end
55
# Caudal
Define Caudal
Toward the rear or tail end
56
# Rostral
Define Rostral
Toward the nose or mouth
57
# Medial
Define Medial
Toward the mid-line of the body
58
# Lateral
Define Lateral
Away from the mid-line of the body
59
# Ipsilateral
Define Ipsilateral
On the same side
60
# Contralateral
Define Contralateral
On the opposite side
61
# Superficial
Define Superficial
Closer to the outside, external to another structure
62
# Proximal
Define Proximal
Closeer to the point of attachment to trunk
63
# Distal
Define Distal
Farther away from point of attachment to trunk
64
# Frontal
Define Frontal
Forehead
65
# Orbital
Define Orbital
Eye
66
# Nasal
Define Nasal
Nose
67
# Buccal
Define Buccal
Cheek
68
# Oral
Define Oral
Mouth
69
# Mental
Define Mental
Chin
70
# Axillary
Define Axillary
Armpit
71
# Mammary
Define Mammary
Breast
72
# Pectoral
Define Pectoral
Chest
73
# Sternal
Define Sternal
Sternum
74
# Abdominal
Define Abdominal
Abdomen
75
# Coxal
Define Coxal
Hip
76
# Inguinal
Define Inguinal
Groin
77
# Patellar
Define Patellar
Kneecap
78
# Popliteal
Define Popliteal
Posterior of knee
79
# Crual
Define Crural
Leg
80
# Calcaneal
Define Calcaneal
Heel
81
# Plantar Surface
Define Plantar Surface
Sole
82
# Tarsal
Define Tarsal
Ankle
83
# Pes
Define Pes
Foot
84
# Digital
Define Digital
Finger and toes
85
# Deltoid
Define Deltoid
Shoulder
86
# Brachial
Define Brachial
Arm
87
# Antecubital
Define Anetecubital
Front of elbow
88
# Olecranal
Define Olecranal
Elbow
89
# Carpal
Define Carpal
Wrist
90
# Antebrachial
Define Antebrachial
Forearm
91
# Manus
Define Manus
Hand
92
# Palmar
Define Palmar
Palm
93
# Cranial
Define Cranial
Surrounding the brain
94
# Occipital
Define Occipital
Back of head
95
# Auricular
Derfine Auricular
Ear
96
# Vertebral
Define Vertebral
Spinal column
97
# Lumbar
Define Lumbar
Lower back
98
# Gluteal
Define Gluteal
Buttock
99
# Dorsal/Dorsum
Define Dorsal/Dorsum
Back
100
# Facial
Define Facial
Face
101
# Fibular
Define Fibular
Lateral part of leg
102
# Hallux
Define Hallux
Big toe
103
# Pelvic
Define Pelvic
Pelvis; region inferior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones
104
# Perineal
Define Perineal
Diamond-shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and external reproductive organs
105
# Polex
Define Polex
Thumb
106
# Pubic
Define Pubic
Anterior region of the pelvis
107
# Radial
Define Radial
Lateral aspect of the forearm
108
# Sacral
Define Sacral
Posterior region between the hip bones
109
# Scapular
Define Scalpular
Shoulder blade
110
# Tibial
Define Tibial
Medial aspect of leg
111
# Umbilical
Define Umbilical
Navel
112
# Posterior Aspect
Define Posterior Aspect
Contains cavities that are completely encased in bone and are physically and developmentally different from the ventral cavity
113
# Cranial Cavity
Define Cranial Cavity
Formed by cranial bones and contains brain
114
# Vertebral Canal
Define Vertebral Canal
Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
115
# Serous Membrane
Define the Serous Membrane
A thin membrane lining the closed cavities of the body. Forms two layers
116
# Parietel Layer
Define the Parietel Layer
Typically lines the internal surface of the body wall
117
# Visceral Layer
Define the Visceral Layer
Covers the external surface of the organs
118
# Serous Cavity
Define the Serous Cavity
Space between the membranes
119
# Serous Fluid
Define Serous Fluid
Lubricates the organs and allows them glide without friction
120
# Thoracic Cavity
Define the Thoracic Cavity
Contains the mediastinum which has the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels.
121
# Peritetal Pericardium
Define the Peritetal Pericardium
Outer layer of the serous membrane and forms of the sac around the heart
122
# Visceral Pericardium
Define the Visceral Pericardium
Serous cavity between the inner and outer layers of the pericardium, and it contains serous fluid
123
# Parietal Pleura
Define the Parietal Pleura
Outer layer of the serous membrane and lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall (lung)
124
# Abdominopelvic Cavity
Describe the Abdominopelvic Cavity
Consists of an abdominal cavity, which is superior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones and a pelvic cavity, which is inferior to the pelvic brim
125
# Peritoneum
Define Peritoneum
Two-layered serous membrane that is associated with the abdominopelvic cavity
126
# Parietal Peritoneum
Define the Parietal Peritoneum
Lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
127
# Visceral Peritoneum
Define the Visceral Peritoneum
Inner layer of the serous membrane, and it covers the external surfaces of most abdominal and pelvic organs
128
# Peritoneal Cavity
Define the Peritoneal Cavity
Contains and is lubricated by serous fluid
129
# Umbilical Region
Define the Umbilical Region
Region is the middle region and is named for the umbilicus; or navel that lies in its center
130
# Epigastric Region
Define the Epigastric Region
Superior to the umbilical region
131
# Hypogastric Region
Define the Hypogastric Region
Lies inferior to the umbilical region
132
# Right and Left Hypogastric Regions
Describe the Right and Left Hypogastric Regions
Inferior to the costal cartilages and lateral to the epigastric region
| Chest
133
# Right and Left Lumbar Regions
Describe the Right and Left Lumbar Regions
Are lateral to the umbilical region
134
# Abdominopelvic Regions
Describe the Abdominopelvic Regions
Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
| Abdomen
135
# Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Describe the Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower
| Swap the left and right
136
# Homeostasis
Define Homeostasis
Refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment or steady state in response to changing internal or external conditions
137
# Stimulus
Define Stimulus
Changes in a variable that is regulated
138
# Receptor
Define Receptor
Body structure that detects stimulation, which is a substance or process that is regulated
139
# Control Center
Define the Control Center
Is the stucture that both interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector
140
# Effetor
Define Effector
Is the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus
141
# Negative Feedback
Define Negative Feedback
The resulting action will always be in the opposite direction of the stimulus
142
# Positive Feedback
Define Positive Feedback
Reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climatic even occurs
