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Cognitive Psychology > Chapter One > Flashcards

Chapter One Flashcards

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1
Q

T/F One of the lobes is the parietal lobe.

A

True

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2
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

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3
Q

List four components of Connell’s expansion on Reitan and Wolfson’s model of brain behavior

A

language, attention, perception, short-term memory

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4
Q

T/F Sodium and potassium are not important in nerve impulse transmission.

A

false

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5
Q

List four important neurotransmitters

A

GABA, serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine

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6
Q

What is a common factor used in research to measure cognitive process?

A

Speed

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7
Q

T/F Correlational studies help researchers understand the relationship between two or more variables

A

True

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8
Q

T/F Skinner rejected behaviorism’s explanation for language development

A

false

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9
Q

T/F The invention of the computer was important in the history of Cognitive Psychology, providing an understanding of the brain through the information-processing model.

A

true

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10
Q

One approach to the study of cognition that emphasizes the importance of interaction between a person and the environment is:

A

embodied cognition

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11
Q

T/F Metacognition is the term to describe learning new behaviors through classical and operant conditioning.

A

false

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12
Q

T/F Accuracy is a factor often measured in research on cognition.

A

true

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13
Q

T/F Noam Chomsky proposed language as developing from cognitive processes beyond simple reinforcement.

A

true

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14
Q

T/F The first book titled, “Cognitive Psychology”, was authored by Wilhelm Wundt

A

false

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15
Q

The aspect of the Scientific Method that promotes acceptance of simple over complex explanations is know as:

A

parsimony

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16
Q

T/F In the typical flow of information into cognition, perception comes before sensation.

A

false

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17
Q

T/F In the visual system, cones are the sensory receptors responsible for color vision.

A

true

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18
Q

The receptor cells in the auditory system are:

A

Hair cells in the ears

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19
Q

The olfaction system uses this sensory organ:

A

nose

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20
Q

T/F According to the Gestalt approach to perception, objects are generally perceived as a whole.

A

true

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21
Q

The type of processing used when we look at the name “Sean” and can correctly pronounce this word is referred to as:

A

Top-down processing

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22
Q

T/F Object recognition involves two brain pathways: the dorsal and the ventral pathway.

A

true

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23
Q

T/F In the Gestalt principle of proximity, objects are grouped together based on how different they are from each other.

A

false

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24
Q

The Gestalt principle to describe the process whereby we perceive objects as continuous even when we do not actually see some parts of the object is called:

A

continuity

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25
Q

A type of disorder involving impaired object recognition is known as:

A

agnosia

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26
Q

T/F William James, early American psychologist, reported that Attention was too complex for people to understand.

A

false

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27
Q

T/F The Stroop task is considered a “Gold Standard” measure of Attention.

A

true

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28
Q

_______ Processing occurs without intention.

A

automatic

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29
Q

No longer noticing auditory stimuli still present can be referred to as:

A

habituation

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30
Q

T/F Broadbent’s Information Filter Model introduced the concept of “Bottleneck” to explain Attention.

A

true

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31
Q

T/F The capture of attention for one’s own name is known as Working Memory.

A

false

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32
Q

Two function of Visual Attention are Orientation and ________.

A

integration

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33
Q

The ______ Effect explains why people respond more slowly to information presented on the opposite side of the body (e.g., the word “right” presented in the left ear).

A

simon

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34
Q

T/F According to the lecture, it is debatable as to whether Divided Attention actually exists.

A

true

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35
Q

The two lobes most involved in attention processes are

A

frontal and parietal

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36
Q

T/F Information in long-term memory is stored in different areas of the brain, typically where similar types of information are stored; for example, information about a Chevy truck would be stored near brain areas already storing information about Ford trucks.

A

true

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37
Q

T/F Implicit memory is from information acquired unintentionally.

A

true

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38
Q

T/F Mnemonics are an effective way to help remember information.

A

true

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39
Q

T/F Being able to name a familiar face is an example of Recognition.

A

true

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40
Q

Forgetting is a natural process that involves two primary processes:

A

lack of consolidation and interference

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41
Q

T/F Multiple choice formats are an example of free-recall.

A

false

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42
Q

T/F Based upon results shown in a serial position curve, information presented first is information that is best remembered. This is know as the Recency Effect.

A

false

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43
Q

T/F The Levels of Processing Model proposes a distinction between deep encoding and shallow encoding.

A

true

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44
Q

Research shows that asking participants to purposefully memorize information will result in better performance in:

A

recall tasks

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45
Q

Episodic and semantic memory are best categorized as:

A

explicit memory

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46
Q

refers to a mental ordered set of actions, such as how to do your laundry.

A

script

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47
Q

T/F As humans, we typically encode only pieces of events (rather than encoding entire events), then reconstruct the information in our minds to “connect the dots”.

A

true

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48
Q

This memory error refers to how some unwanted memories continue to be repeated in our minds and can interfere with other cognitive processes.

A

persistence

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49
Q

The memory error of Transience is cause by

A

interrupted consolidation and interference

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50
Q

refers to a general knowledge structure, such as knowing what a typical professor’s office looks like.

A

schema

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51
Q

T/F The “memory” error of Absentmindedness refers to lack of attention during encoding or retrieval.

A

true

52
Q

T/F An example of the memory error of Source Misattribution is misremembering which professor announced that their would be a test next class.

A

true

53
Q

T/F The textbook indicated that neuronal plaques and tangles are two pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease, contributing to the resulting memory problems seen in patients with this disease.

A

true

54
Q

T/F Providing eye-witnesses with cues, such as repeated pictures of suspects and head-nodding by the interviewers, is unlikely to affect the accuracy of the eye-witnesses’ memory recall, since memory for eye-witnessed events is stable over time.

A

false

55
Q

T/F The case of Jennifer Thomson and Ronald Cotton demonstrates that eyewitness testimony is relatively error-free.

A

false

56
Q

T/F Communication is the primary function of language.

A

true

57
Q

T/F With regard to the structure of language, a “morpheme” is the smallest unit of language that conveys meaning.

A

true

58
Q

Orthography refers to:

A

letters

59
Q

T/F The arcuate fasciculus is our system of grammatical rules.

A

false

60
Q

T/F Language-related auditory stimuli is perceived in the exact same way as any other types of auditory stimuli.

A

false

61
Q

Most people know this many words:

A

40-60k

62
Q

T/F Mental Lexicon is our collection of known words.

A

true

63
Q

T/F In spoken language, words are perceived as distinct based upon slight pauses between each word by the speaker.

A

false

64
Q

Using a pronoun to refer back to something (or someone) in another sentence is called .

A

anaphoric inference

65
Q

T/F Despite how complex language can be (e.g., different speeds of spoken speech; different accents; different fonts in written language), we comprehend language with remarkable speed and without much conscious effort.

A

true

66
Q

T/F Errors in expressive language are typically the result of problems in the mouth, throat, and lungs.

A

false

67
Q

T/F The brain area known to be primarily responsible for expressive language is Broca’s area.

A

true

68
Q

This describes a situation where one has accessed the semantic and syntactic representations of a word but not the phonological form of the word:

A

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

69
Q

T/F Processes involved for comprehension and production are similar but operate differently.

A

true

70
Q

T/F As a general rule, anterior portions of the brain are more involved in receptive functions, and posterior portions of the brain are more involved in expressive functions.

A

false

71
Q

The text describes a three-part model of language productions as Conceptualization, , and Articulation.

A

formulation

72
Q

T/F The word association model and the concept meditation model are two models to explain a bilingual person’s mental lexicon.

A

true

73
Q

T/F An animal’s ability to mimic speech is one example of language.

A

false

74
Q

The minimum distinguishing characteristic of human language is

A

recursive syntax

75
Q

The actor, Bruce Willis, initially reported by media to have primary progressive aphasia, is now being reported as having

A

frontotemporal dementia

76
Q

T/F The primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobes.

A

true

77
Q

T/F The process of visual sensation to perception, in which we infer meaning, happens at an unconscious level.

A

true

78
Q

Three principles of the Gestalt approach to visual perception are:

A

similarity, proximity, continuation

79
Q

T/F Visual object recognition occurs in the dorsal pathway.

A

false

80
Q

T/F The visual pathway responsible for identifying the “where” is the ventral pathway.

A

false

81
Q

T/F Imagery contributes to problem solving, navigation, performance, and mind wandering.

A

true

82
Q

Kosslyn (1973) predicted that participants would show longer response times in a task that involves “moving” longer distances across the scene or object; this model is referred to as the Model.

A

spatial representation

83
Q

T/F Pictures are more easily remembered than words.

A

true

84
Q

T/F Abstract words are remembered more easily than concrete words.

A

false

85
Q

T/F Motor imagery can benefit performance in sports.

A

true

86
Q

T/F Some researchers and clinicians consider Problem Solving to be one aspect of Executive Functioning.

A

true

87
Q

T/F One framework for Problem Solving is the represented by IDEAL.

A

true

88
Q

T/F The first step in the problem solving model presented is to Identify Possible Solutions.

A

false

89
Q

T/F The second step in the Problem Solving model presented to is Describe the Solutions.

A

false

90
Q

T/F The third step in the Problem Solving model is Explore Possible Solutions.

A

true

91
Q

T/F The fourth step in the Problem Solving model is Act on Solution.

A

true

92
Q

T/F The fifth step in the Problem Solving model is Listen.

A

false

93
Q

This describes a Problem Solving strategy that does not guarantee a solution but works well enough.

A

heuristic

94
Q

This concept describes a mental representation of the initial and goal states, possible subgoals, constraints, and operators.

A

problem space

95
Q

This concept describes the actions that can be performed to change a state.

A

operators

96
Q

T/F An argument is a set of premises without a conclusion.

A

false

97
Q

T/F Deductive reasoning is one of the two primary types of reasoning presented in the text.

A

true

98
Q

This type of reasoning makes inferences based on observations.

A

inductive

99
Q

This error refers to assuming that one event caused another, because the two events occurred close in time:

A

illusory correlation

100
Q

This type of reasoning evaluates arguments:

A

deductive

101
Q

T/F “Confirmation Bias¨ refers to using the falsification strategy.

A

false

102
Q

Methods to assess abstract reasoning include:

A

similarities, matrices, proverbs

103
Q

T/F One of the two primary types of reasoning per the text is inductive reasoning.

A

true

104
Q

T/F A syllogism is two premises followed by a conclusion.

A

true

105
Q

T/F This phrase represents Analogical Reasoning: a tree is to forest as a soldier is to army.

A

true

106
Q

T/F A heuristic is a mental shortcut that we use to reduce the processing burden on our cognitive systems when we solve a problem or make a decision.

A

true

107
Q

T/F The Availability Heuristics works through reliance on Stereotypes.

A

false

108
Q

The five phases of Galotti’s (2002) Decision Making Model include: Setting Goals; Gathering Information; Structuring Decision; and what others?

A

making final choice, evaluating decision

109
Q

T/F Anchoring effect occurs when the starting point given in a problem strongly influences our decision in estimating an answer to the problem.

A

true

110
Q

T/F Framing bias refers to the bias we have where “losses loom larger than gains.”

A

false

111
Q

This theory posits that we make decisions based on relative gain.

A

expected utility theory

112
Q

T/F According to Prospect Theory, people tend to overweigh low-probability outcomes and underweigh high-probability outcomes.

A

true

113
Q

T/F Research on cultural difference has found that Eastern populations have greater loss aversion.

A

false

114
Q

T/F The decoy effect occurs when a third option affects the choice between other equally valued options.

A

true

115
Q

When the goal of agreement within the group takes priority over the to-be-decided issue and therefore hinders decision-making, this process has occurred:

A

groupthink

116
Q

T/F An example of a cross-sectional research design measures is measurement at one time of three different age groups: babies ages 1 month, 5 months, and 10 months of age, on cognitive functioning.

A

true

117
Q

T/F A longitudinal research design uses many different groups, observed over a long period of time.

A

false

118
Q

This type of research design allows for comparison of data both across groups and across different ages of the same individuals:

A

cohort-sequential

119
Q

T/F Violation of Expectation procedure measures decrease in response after repeated exposure

A

false

120
Q

T/F Eye tracking technique is more precise than preferential looking technique.

A

true

121
Q

Who proposed that language develops through reinforced imitation?

A

Skinner

122
Q

T/F Interactionalist approaches to language development integrate both nature and nurture into explanations of language development.

A

true

123
Q

T/F Explicit memory is the earliest to develop, starting in early infancy.

A

false

124
Q

His theory of language development posits that language is pre-programmed to develop.

A

Chomsky

125
Q

This developmental psychologist coined the term “schema” to refer to organized knowledge structures or representations:

A

Piaget

Cognitive Psychology (1 decks)

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