Chapter One

Question 1

what are atoms

Answer 1

a particle that is mostly empty space as well as containing a nucleus, neutron, electrons, and protons.

Question 2

what is an element

Answer 2

a substance containing only one type of atom

Question 3

what is a molecule

Answer 3

a substance containing more than one type of atom

Question 4

mass number

Answer 4

the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Question 5

atomic number

Answer 5

the number of protons.

Question 6

charge of a proton, electron and neutron

Answer 6

proton is positive
electron is negative
neutron is neutral

Question 7

isotope

Answer 7

atoms of the same element but have different numbers of neutrons

Question 8

ground state

Answer 8

when an electron is in its lowest possible energy level.

Question 9

excited state

Answer 9

when an electron is in its highest possible energy level

Question 10

electron configuration

Answer 10

the arrangement of electrons in a shell.

Question 11

ions

Answer 11

atoms that have lost or gained electrons

Question 12

cations

Answer 12

ions that are positive because they have lost an electron in order to become stable.

Question 13

anions

Answer 13

ions that are negatively charged because they have gained an electron

Question 14

period

Answer 14

the horizontal row on the periodic table

Question 15

group

Answer 15

the vertical row of the periodic table

Question 16

metallic characters

Answer 16

ductile, malleable, shiny, high conductors of electricity and heat.

Question 17

non metal characters

Answer 17

low melting point, brittle, poor conductors of electricity and heat.

Question 18

metallic character on the periodic table

Answer 18

increasing to the left and down

Question 19

atomic size on the periodic table

Answer 19

increasing to the left and down

Question 20

reactivity on the periodic table

Answer 20

metals increasing to the left and down. non metals increasing to the right and up

Question 21

electronegativity on the periodic table

Answer 21

increasing to the right and up

Question 22

electronegativity

Answer 22

the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons

Question 23

critical elements

Answer 23

elements that are vital for the world but short in supply

Question 24

Sustainability goals for chemistry

Answer 24

-clean drinking water
-clean and no expensive energy
-technological progress in all industries
- sustainable cities
-responsible consumption
-action against climate change
-conserve aquatic environments
-mange ecosystems sustainably

Question 25

the seven principles of green chemistry

Answer 25

• atom economy- don’t waste materials

-use catalysts-speed up reactions

-design for degradation- dispose of chemical products correctly

-design for energy efficiency- reduce energy requirements

-design safer chemicals- non-toxic chemicals

-Prevention of waste

-use renewable feedstocks- chemical products should be renewable resources.

Question 25

linear economy

Answer 25

raw materials become products instead of being thrown away as waste

Question 26

circular economy

Answer 26

waste pollution is eliminated and products are reused, repaired and recycled.

Question 27

what would happen if the atom changed its electron configuration to the ground state.

Answer 27

energy is emitted and a photon released

Question 28

why elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.

Answer 28

they have the same number of valence electrons.

Question 29

Why does the periodic table have 10 groups of transition metals?

Answer 29

because they are filling the d subshell which holds 10 electrons.

Question 30

3 uses of helium

Answer 30

• inflates balloons
• add to the oxygen for deep sea underwater scuba divers
• cool and clean rocket engines.

Question 31

where is helium sourced and formed

Answer 31

from natural gas extraction and formed from radioactive decay.

Question 32

how is phosphorus sourced

Answer 32

sedimentary rocks.

Question 33

main uses of phosphorus

Answer 33

• dna
  -fertaliser

Question 34

main uses of indium

Answer 34

• touch screens
• solar panels
• Tv screens

Question 35

how is indium sourced

Answer 35

as a by-product of zinc mining.

Question 36

how to save indium

Answer 36

update your phone less regularly.

Question 37

how to conserve helium

Answer 37

use fewer helium balloons.

Question 38

how to save phosphorus

Answer 38

waste less food and recycle industrial waste.