Chapter One Flashcards
Domains of speech science
Levels
Perceptual
Acoustic
Aeromechanical
Structural
Muscular
Neural
Domains of speech science
Subsystems
Pharyngeal
VeloPharyngeal/ nasal
Laryngeal
Breathing
Domains of speech science
Application
Forensics
Manegment
Evaluation
Mechanism
Neural Level of Observation
●Encompass nervous system events during speech production
○Brain, spinal cord, cranial and spinal nerves important to speech production
○Some voluntary and some automatic
○Some involve awareness and others do not
●Include all events that qualify as motor planning and execution
●All forms of afferent and sensory information that influence ongoing control of speech production
Muscular Level of Observation
Concerned with the influence of muscle forces on speech production
●Muscles are effectors that respond to control signals from the nervous system
●Inferences about muscle activities are made from measurements of the forces or movements generated by different parts of the speech production apparatus
●Forces and movements are usually accomplished by groups of muscles working together
Structural Level of Observation
●Deals with anatomical structures and movements of the speech production apparatus
●Concerned with the many muscular and non-muscular structures that make up the speech apparatus, including bone, muscle, ligaments, and membranes
●Also concerned with displacements, velocities, accelerations/decelerations of structures and how they are timed in relation to the movements of other structures
○Certain structural observations can be made with the naked eye, whereas others are hidden from view or are too rapid to be followed with the naked eye and require use of instrumental monitoring
●“Speech reading” (lip reading) has roots at this level
Aeromechanical Level of Observation
Considers the role of air in the process of speech production
●Movements of structures impart energy into the air by compressing and decompressing it and causing it to flow from one region to another
●The airstream generated is modified by structures of the speech production apparatus that lie along the passageways
●Products of the aeromechanical level are complex, rapid, and nearly continuous changes in air pressures, airflows, and air volumes
Acoustic Level of Observation
Pertains to the generation of speech sounds
○Sonorous, buzzlike, hisslike, and poplike sounds that result from speaker’s valving of the airstream in different ways and at different locations within the speech production apparatus
●The raw sound is filtered and conditioned by its passage through the apparatus and radiates from the mouth or nose, or both, in the form of very fast and nearly continuous air pressure changes experienced as sound waves
●Sound waves propagate from the speaker’s mouth and can be coded in terms of frequency, sound pressure level, and time
●This constitutes speech and acoustic representation of spoken language
●Acoustic level is important in face-to-face communication and use of telephones, radios, televisions, hearing aids, cochlear implants, and various forms of recording
Perceptual Level of Observation
Auditory analysis of the speech signal allows the listener to recognized phonetic cues that are consistent with the listener’s knowledge of the sound system of a language
●The speaker perceives and monitors their own speech acoustic signal to check that the signal that was intended was indeed produced
●Visual information also contributes to the perception of speech
●Listeners naturally combine acoustic and visual information for the most effective perception of speech
Subsystems of Speech Producti
Breathing apparatus
●Laryngeal apparatus
●Velopharyngeal-nasal apparatus
●Pharyngeal-oral apparatus
Breathing Apparatus
Breathing Apparatus
●Includes structures below the larynx within the neck and torso
○Pulmonary apparatus (pulmonary airways and lungs)
○Chest wall apparatus (rib cage wall, diaphragm, abdominal wall, and abdominal content)
●During speech production, the breathing apparatus provides the necessary driving forces
○Simultaneously serves functions of ventilation and gas exchange
●Role of breathing apparatus is fundamentally important to speech production
Laryngeal Apparatus
Laryngeal Apparatus
●Larynx lies between the trachea (windpipe) and pharynx (throat)
○Adjusts coupling between the two
●At times, the laryngeal airway is open to allow air to move in and out of the breathing apparatus
●Other times it is adjusted to obstruct or constrict the airway
●Rapid vibrations of vocal folds within the larynx create voiced sounds
●Larynx can also produce noisy sounds, like a whisper
Velopharyngeal-Nasal Apparatus
Velopharyngeal-Nasal Apparatus
●Consists of the upper pharynx, velum, nasal cavities and outer nose
●Significantly influences the aeromechanical and acoustic levels of the speech production process
●When breathing through the nose, the velopharyngeal-nasal airway is open
●When speaking, the size of the velopharyngeal port varies, depending on the nature of the speech produced
○Consonant sounds with high oral pressure are associated with airtight closure of the velopharyngeal port
○Nasal consonants are produced with an open velopharyngeal port
Pharyngeal-Oral Apparatus
Pharyngeal-Oral Apparatus
●Comprises the middle and lower pharynx, oral cavity, and oral vestibule
●During running speech production, the apparatus is typically open during inspiration
●The apparatus makes different adjustments for consonant and vowel productions during expiration, including generation of transient, voiceless, and voiced sounds and filtering of those sounds
Domains of hearing science
Levels
Neural
Mechanosensory
Muscular
Structural
Aeromechanical
Acoustic
