Chapter Nine Flashcards
Refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18th century
Industrial revolution
Larger fields used to boost crop yields
Enclosure
System of growing a different crop in a field of land each year to preserve fertility
Crop rotation
The process of developing machine production of goods
Industrialization
The resources needed to produce goods and services that the industrial revolution required
Factors of production
Large buildings where wealthy merchants set up machines
Factories
A person who organizes, manages, and takes risks of a business
Entrepreneurs
City building and the movement of people into cities
Urbanization
A social class of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers
Middle class
A business owned by stockholders who share profits
Corporations
An economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference
Laissez faire
Professor in Scotland who defended the idea of free economy, free markets
Adam Smith
The goal of making a profit
Capitalism
The factors of production are owned by th epiblic and operate for the welfare of all
Socialism
German journalist who introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism
Karl Marx
A form of complete socialism in which the means of production
Communism
Voluntary associations
Unions
Negotiations between workers and their employers
Collective bargaining
Refuse to work
Strike
What were the four natural resources needed for British industrialization?
Water power and coal to fuel the new machines, iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings, rivers for inland transportation, and harbors from which merchant ships set sail. 🌟
How did the enclosure movement change agriculture in England?
Landowners tried new agricultural methods and large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to the cities.
What were two important inventions created during the Industrial Revolution? Describe their impact.
Watt’s steam engine and the “macadam” road. The new steam engine could work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel, as well as ferry passengers up and down New York’s Hudson River. The “macadam” road could be used even in rainy weather, and heavy wagons could travel over the new roads without sinking in mud.
What were the living conditions like in Britain during industrialization?
🌟 Living conditions in Britain during industrialization were poor; there were no sanitary codes; a lack of adequate housing, education, police protection, running water, indoor plumbing; and frequent epidemics
How did the new middle class transform the social structure of Great Britain during industrialization?
The upper middle class consisted of government employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers of factories, mines, and shops. The lower middle class included factory overseers and such skilled workers as toolmakers, mechanical drafters, and printers.
How did industrialization affect Manchester’s natural environment?
🌟Industrialization affected Manchester’s natural environment with dyes, wastes poisoned rivers; and coal polluted air
Why were other European countries slower to industrialize than Britain?
Other countries didn’t have favorable location, geography, financial systems,political stability or natural resources that Britain had
What might explain the rise of global inequality during the Industrial Revolution?
To keep factories running and workers fed, industrialized countries required a steady supply of raw materials from less-developed lands. In turn, industrialized countries viewed poor countries as markets for their manufactured products.🌟
What were the two warring classes that Marx and Engels outlined in The Communist Manifesto?
The middle class “haves” or employers, called the bourgeoisie and the “have-nots” or workers, called the proletariat. 🌟
How did women fight for change during the Industrial Revolution?
Women formed unions in the trades where they dominated. In Britain, some women served as safety inspectors in factories where other women worked. In the United States, college-educated women like Jane Addams ran settlement houses. Unions joined to make the international council for women.
