Chapter Nine

Question 1

Refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18th century

Answer 1

Industrial revolution

Question 2

Larger fields used to boost crop yields

Answer 2

Enclosure

Question 3

System of growing a different crop in a field of land each year to preserve fertility

Answer 3

Crop rotation

Question 4

The process of developing machine production of goods

Answer 4

Industrialization

Question 5

The resources needed to produce goods and services that the industrial revolution required

Answer 5

Factors of production

Question 6

Large buildings where wealthy merchants set up machines

Answer 6

Factories

Question 7

A person who organizes, manages, and takes risks of a business

Answer 7

Entrepreneurs

Question 8

City building and the movement of people into cities

Answer 8

Urbanization

Question 9

A social class of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers

Answer 9

Middle class

Question 10

A business owned by stockholders who share profits

Answer 10

Corporations

Question 11

An economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference

Answer 11

Laissez faire

Question 12

Professor in Scotland who defended the idea of free economy, free markets

Answer 12

Adam Smith

Question 13

The goal of making a profit

Answer 13

Capitalism

Question 14

The factors of production are owned by th epiblic and operate for the welfare of all

Answer 14

Socialism

Question 15

German journalist who introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism

Answer 15

Karl Marx

Question 16

A form of complete socialism in which the means of production

Answer 16

Communism

Question 17

Voluntary associations

Answer 17

Unions

Question 18

Negotiations between workers and their employers

Answer 18

Collective bargaining

Question 19

Refuse to work

Answer 19

Strike

Question 20

What were the four natural resources needed for British industrialization?

Answer 20

Water power and coal to fuel the new machines, iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings, rivers for inland transportation, and harbors from which merchant ships set sail. 🌟

Question 21

How did the enclosure movement change agriculture in England?

Answer 21

Landowners tried new agricultural methods and large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to the cities.

Question 22

What were two important inventions created during the Industrial Revolution? Describe their impact.

Answer 22

Watt’s steam engine and the “macadam” road. The new steam engine could work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel, as well as ferry passengers up and down New York’s Hudson River. The “macadam” road could be used even in rainy weather, and heavy wagons could travel over the new roads without sinking in mud.

Question 23

What were the living conditions like in Britain during industrialization?

Answer 23

🌟 Living conditions in Britain during industrialization were poor; there were no sanitary codes; a lack of adequate housing, education, police protection, running water, indoor plumbing; and frequent epidemics

Question 24

How did the new middle class transform the social structure of Great Britain during industrialization?

Answer 24

The upper middle class consisted of government employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers of factories, mines, and shops. The lower middle class included factory overseers and such skilled workers as toolmakers, mechanical drafters, and printers.

Question 25

How did industrialization affect Manchester’s natural environment?

Answer 25

🌟Industrialization affected Manchester’s natural environment with dyes, wastes poisoned rivers; and coal polluted air

Question 26

Why were other European countries slower to industrialize than Britain?

Answer 26

Other countries didn’t have favorable location, geography, financial systems,political stability or natural resources that Britain had

Question 27

What might explain the rise of global inequality during the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 27

To keep factories running and workers fed, industrialized countries required a steady supply of raw materials from less-developed lands. In turn, industrialized countries viewed poor countries as markets for their manufactured products.🌟

Question 28

What were the two warring classes that Marx and Engels outlined in The Communist Manifesto?

Answer 28

The middle class “haves” or employers, called the bourgeoisie and the “have-nots” or workers, called the proletariat. 🌟

Question 29

How did women fight for change during the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 29

Women formed unions in the trades where they dominated. In Britain, some women served as safety inspectors in factories where other women worked. In the United States, college-educated women like Jane Addams ran settlement houses. Unions joined to make the international council for women.