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Ethics > Chapter IV: Framework and Principles behind our Moral Disposition Frameworks > Flashcards

Chapter IV: Framework and Principles behind our Moral Disposition Frameworks Flashcards

1
Q

Authors of Utilitarianism

A

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
and
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

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2
Q

A moral theory that supports actions that bring happiness or pleasure and condemns actions that bring suffering or unhappiness.

A

Utilitarianism

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3
Q

a person who believes that the pursuit of pleasure is the most important thing in life

A

Hedonist

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4
Q

Utilitarianism emphasizes on the (blank) or (blank) a person can get from doing an act or from a particular course of action.

A

pleasure or happiness

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5
Q

right and wrong, are dependent on the pleasure or pain that an act will bring or result to.

A

Utilitarianism

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6
Q

“Actions are good insofar as they tend to promote happiness, bad as they tend to produce unhappiness” who stated this?

A

John Stuart Mill

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7
Q

claims that there is one and only one moral principle

A

The Principle of Utility

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8
Q

known as the father of modern utilitarianism

A

Jeremy Bentham

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9
Q

In Utilitarianism, these are the most important.

A

Consequences, effects, results and outcomes

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10
Q

Critiques or Problems in Utilitarianism

A
  • Distastefulness (not all things that makes us happy are right)
  • Happiness cannot be quantified or measured.
  • It is too difficult to apply - that we cannot calculate all the effects for all the individuals
  • it fails to consider some sources of value
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11
Q

Author of Natural Law

A

St. Thomas Aquinas

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12
Q

Natural Law si an ethical doctrine assumes many names by virtue of its historical development that is also called as

A

Thomistic Ethics
or
Scholastic Ethics

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13
Q

Aquinas gave the doctrine its most influential formulation and articulation in the (blank) Century

A

13th

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14
Q

it claims that there exists a natural moral law which is manifested by the natural light of human reason, demanding the preservation of the natural order and forbidding its violation.

A

Natural Law Ethics

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15
Q

It is the code of moral conduct which reason indicates as conformable to human nature

A

Natural Law

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16
Q

Basic Principle of Natural Law / Fundamental Moral Principle

A

“Do good, avoid evil”

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17
Q

innate knowledge of the basic principles of morality

A

synderesis

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18
Q
  • is already imbedded within our very nature
  • he voice of conscience which serves as a natural guide in making moral decisions.
  • is not a written decree; it is written in the hearts of men. It is impressed in human nature by the author of nature (God).
A

Natural Law

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19
Q
  • is that which is suitable to or proper to human nature
  • is built into human nature and it is that which we are directed by natural inclinations.
A

Human Good

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20
Q

Three Natural Inclinations:

A
  1. SELF-PRESERVATION
  2. JUST DEALINGS WITH OTHERS
  3. PROPAGATION OF THE SPECIES
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21
Q

The natural inclination that urges us to take care for our health, not to kill ourselves or put ourselves in danger.

A

SELF-PRESERVATION

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22
Q

Examples of Good Self-Preservation

A

physical exercise, diet, walking, etc.

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23
Q

Examples of Bad Self-Preservation

A

Suicide, murder, smoking, habitual drinking

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24
Q

It is treating others with the same dignity and respect that we accord ourselves. This is the basis of justice which arises out of human relations.

A

JUST DEALINGS WITH OTHERS

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25
Q

examples of “Good” dealings with others

A

Justice, respect

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26
Q

examples of “Bad” dealings with others

A

Indignities and any degradations, exploitation, oppression, deception

27
Q

We are naturally inclined to perpetuate the species. We are obligated not to pervert or thwart this natural inclination.

A

PROPAGATION OF THE SPECIES

28
Q

Example of Good Propagation of the Species

A

Reproductive organs are naturally designed to reproduce and perpetuate the human species.

29
Q

Example of bad Propagation of the Species

A

Interventions to this natural capacity, contraceptives

30
Q

Explanation of Natural Law

A

Natural law theory puts more emphasis on the supposed objective, universal nature of what is to be considered morally good, basing its reasoning on the theorized existence of a “human nature”

31
Q

Critique or Problems of Natural Law

A
  • ne of the difficulties for natural law theory is that people have interpreted nature differently?
  • if it turns out that human beings (at least the males) are naturally aggressive, should we infer that war and fighting are morally right?
  • human behavior is shaped by the environment, that is, by deliberate and nondeliberate conditioning, training, and education.
  • Human behavior may be solely reliant upon the environment that one is exposed to, which includes social classes, education and upbringing, this opposes the theory
32
Q

Is a moral theory centered on the idea of duty and the concept of the categorical imperative.

A

Kantian Deontology

33
Q

Two Imperatives

A
  1. Hypothetical Imperatives
  2. Categorical Imperatives
34
Q

Author of Kantian Deontology

A

IMMANUEL KANT

35
Q

What Imperative is this?
An action is necessary to the attainment of something desired: “You must do such-and-such, if you want a certain result.”

A

Hypothetical Imperative

36
Q

What Imperative is this?
Applies no matter what one desires. The moral necessity to act is unconditional. “You ought to do such-and-such act; there are no ifs, ands, or buts about it.”

A

Categorical Imperative

37
Q

Two formulations of the Categorical Imperative

A
  1. It can be Universalized
  2. Treat others as Ends not as Means
38
Q

Kantian deontology puts the premium on (blank)

A

Rational Will

39
Q
  • It emphasizes the importance of moral intention, suggesting that the moral worth of an action is determined by the motive behind it rather than the outcome
  • It says that actions are good if we do them because it’s our duty, not because of what might happen.
A

Kantian Deontology

40
Q

Critique or Problems of Kantian Deontology

A
  • may become paralyzed and unsure about the ethically correct path of action as a result of this lack of resolve.
  • An action’s effects should also be taken into account, but Kantian deontology ignores this by focusing only on the intention behind the action
41
Q

Author of Virtue Ethics

A

Aristotle

42
Q

3 Main Idea of Virtue Ethics

A

Eudaimonia, Golden Mean, and Four Cardinal Virtues

43
Q

a Greek term often translated as “flourishing” or “well-being.” This refers to the ultimate goal of human life, achieved through the cultivation of virtues and the fulfillment of one’s potential.

A

Eudaimonia

44
Q

A teacher who finds deep satisfaction in positively impacting students’ lives embodies eudaimonia.

This is an example of?

A

Eudaimonia

45
Q

“Virtue is the golden mean between two vices, the one of excess and the other of deficiency.” This according to whom?

A

Aristotle

46
Q

It suggests finding a balanced middle ground between extremes in virtuous behavior, avoiding both excess and deficiency.

A

Golden Mean

47
Q

What are the Four Cardinal Virtues

A
  1. Prudence
  2. Temperance
  3. Justice
  4. Courage
48
Q

The ability to make sound judgments about what is right and to act accordingly.

A

Prudence

49
Q

The practice of self-control and restraint, particularly in response to desires and pleasures.

A

Temperance

50
Q

The quality of treating others fairly and giving each their due.

A

Justice

51
Q

The strength to face adversity, danger, or fear with confidence and resolve.

A

Courage

52
Q

Consider a scenario where a student is deciding whether to cheat on a difficult exam.

A

Eudamonia - Choosing not to cheat aligns with the student’s long-term flourishing.

Golden Mean - In deciding whether to cheat, the student seeks a balanced approach.

Cardinal Virtues - The student embodies the virtues by choosing honesty over cheating.

53
Q

Consider a scenario where a parent is deciding how to discipline their child for breaking a household rule.

A

Eudamonia - Disciplining the child aligns with the parent’s long-term well-being.

Golden Mean - In disciplining the child, the parent seeks a balanced approach.

Cardinal Virtues - The parent embodies the virtues by disciplining calmly.

54
Q

he who established the ethical theory of prima facie duties

A

Sir William David Ross

55
Q

Critique or Problems in Virtue Ethics

A
  • The problem is the ambiguity of word “excess” and “defect”.
  • Problem of habit
  • For example, if ten pounds of food are to much (excess) and two are too little (deficiency or defect), then six pounds, which the mean between two extremes, still may be too much for some and too little for others; therefore one must choose the appropriate mean between two extremes relative to himself or herself.
56
Q

WHAT IS RIGHT?

A

It is a valid claim on society and are justified by utility.

57
Q

examples that are justified because they contribute to the general good

A
  • Right to due process
  • Right to free speech
  • Right to free religion
  • and etc.
58
Q

moral rights take precedence over legal rights, this is according to?

A

John Stuart Mill

59
Q

Author of THEORY OF JUSTICE

A

John Rawls

60
Q

The resultant theory is known as

A

Justice as Fairness

61
Q

According to Theory of Justice

A
  1. Every individual is inviolable (ne may not exploit or oppress one in the name of progress.
  2. An act of injustice, for instance, can be tolerated if and only if it is necessary to avoid an even greater injustice.
  3. Individual liberties should be restricted in order to maintain equality of opportunity
62
Q

Two-fold principles of justice

A
  1. Equal access to the basic human rights and liberties
  2. Fair equality of opportunity and the equal distribution of socio-economic inequalities
63
Q

Justice in Human Relations, Rawls cites four types of duties

A
  1. Fairness in our dealings with others
  2. Fidelity
  3. Respect for Persons
  4. Beneficence
64
Q

Rawls’ natural duties

A
  1. The duty of justice
  2. The duty of helping others in need or in jeopardy
  3. The duty not to harm or injure others
  4. The duty to keep our promises

Ethics (4 decks)

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