Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chapter III- Basic Neuroanatomy > Chapter III- Basic Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Chapter III- Basic Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

gray matter covering the outermost layer of the brain like the bark of a tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Layer of fibers that connect the two hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the very back of the cortex that processes vision

A

occipital region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

some areas are dedicated to auditory processing or memory, involved in memory or hearing

A

temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

parietal region

A

synthesizes related information; i.e. connecting the dots, to be sent to the frontal cortex for evaluation as well as regulating the release function for the attentional system. It is also involved with body awareness and boundaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

performs executive functions related to emotional regulation and decision making

A

prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Heart of the Brain

A

Thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Limbic system

A

processes emotional information and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The primary frequency generated by the limbic system is…

A

theta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

associated with explicit memory

A

hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

associated with implicit memory and fear conditioning

A

amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Two pathways for theta

A
  • first is lower frequency in nature, related to emotional processing
  • second is high frequency in nature and tends to be related to memory processing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

controls motor movement and interfaces heavily with the cerebellum to execute learned sequences of motor action, such as playing a piano passage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Brain stem

A

regulates basic life functions of the body such as heartbeat, breathing, and states of arousal ranging from sleep to hypervigilence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cerebellum

A

attached to the stem at the back and maintains subroutines of the finer aspects of movement such as dancing, writing, or playing a musical passage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Thalamus

A

the great relay station of the brain, and a key player in resource allocation with respect to information processing. All sensory information coming into the body goes through the thalamus which is divided up into regions corresponding to different areas of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

neurons

A

provide electro-chemical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

glial cells

A

provide maintenance and support for the neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neuron is made up of…

A

the dendrites, the soma, the axon, and the synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

soma

A

a simple battery that stores electrical energy by maintaining an electrical charge differential between the inside and outside of its cell wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the main fiber of the neuron

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Between the end of each axon and the dendrite of another cell that it connects to is a gap known as

A

the synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

est period during which time the neuron recovers, i.e. rebuilds its charge

A

refractory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

At the end of each axon is a button-shaped terminal generating chemicals known as

A

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Receptor sites may increase or decrease over time in response to

A

the average volume of neurotransmitter activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Heavy alcohol users may cause excessive amounts of dopamine to cross gaps and

A

receptor populations will reduce themselves eventually.

27
Q

Dopamine

A

Source: Substantia Nigra: Attentional networks,
Major influence areas: Pleasure centers,
Associated disorders: Schizophrenia, ADHD, Addictions

28
Q

Serotonin

A

Source: Raphe Nuclei
Major influence areas: Mood centers, Sleep cycles
Associated disorders: Depression, addiction

29
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Source: Locus Coeruleus
Major influence areas: General arousal levels
Associated disorders: attentional networks

30
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Source: Acetylcholine nuclei
Major influence areas: memory networks
Associated disorders: Memory problems

31
Q

GABA

A

Global: General arousal levels Anxiety disorders

32
Q

chronic high dopamine levels associated with

A

mania and schizophrenia

33
Q

low serotonin levels

A

depression and negative schizophrenia.

34
Q

emerges as a consequence of a chronically over-activated GABA system

A

anxiety

35
Q

The cortex is comprised of cell groups referred to as

A

cell columns or macrocolumns

36
Q

These columns are composed of

A

ell groups functionally related which run vertically through the 6 layers of the cortex

37
Q

How many layers does the cortex have?

A

6

38
Q

columns in the process of firing together…

A

cause the wave fronts that become recorded as EEG.

39
Q

What makes up the wiring of the cortex?

A

axons (white matter) running in bundles along specific pathways.

40
Q

adjacent areas of the brain

A

gyri

41
Q

short fiber system resonates in

A

the high beta range of EEG

42
Q

The long association fibers resonate in

A

resonate in regional areas in the lower beta and higher alpha range

43
Q

global fibers resonate in

A

the delta and theta range

44
Q

three basic long association fiber systems.

A
  1. cingulum
  2. uncinate fasciculus
  3. arcurate fasciculus
45
Q

cingulum

A

connects frontal and parietal lobes with parts of the temporal lobes

46
Q

uncinate fasciculus

A

connects the orbital lobe and other parts of the frontal lobe with the anterior temporal lobe. Parts of it also connect with the occipital lobe.

47
Q

arcurate fasciculus

A

connects parts of the frontal lobe with the temporal lobe as well, especially Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area, which relate to processing and speaking language in the left hemisphere.

48
Q

coherence maps

A

show the level of connectivity between brain areas

49
Q

Lack of connectivity in the pathways running from the parietal lobes to the temporal lobes can result in

A

learning disorders

50
Q

commissures

A

another fiber system, connects the hemispheres and are known as the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure

51
Q

What are the commissures concerned with?

A

short-term memory functions and the transference of learned tasks between hemispheres.

52
Q

Which side of the brain does verbal encoding occur on?

A

Left

53
Q

Which side of the brain does verbal retrieval occur on?

A

Right

54
Q

lack of connectivity or communication between the left and right side can result in

A

reduced emotional self-awareness

55
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

A

This method has allowed researchers to identify in great detail the entire fiber system of the brain. This allowed Hagmann to identify major hubs and nodes in the brain as well as how they are connected together

56
Q

Brodmann’s Areas

A

brain areas frequently used by neurologists to associate function with location.

57
Q

F3 and F4 (Brodmann’s)

A

related to short term and working memory

58
Q

Fz (Brodmann’s)

A

related to area 8,6 and 9 and is related to attention

59
Q

Projection tracts

A

fiber systems that bring information into the cortex from the thalamus as well as output information and are known as the corona radiata.

60
Q

thalamus

A

divided into sections that connect to specific related areas of the brain

61
Q

A 14 Hz rhythm appears as…

A

information flow to the motor cortex is progressively blocked

62
Q

Barry Sterman

A

pioneered work demonstrating the gating system by which information is directed toward the motor cortex or blocked through thalamic oscillators

63
Q

Sterman initially noted this blocking effect in experiments with…

A

cats and monkeys. Animals became very quiet and alert, especially the cats, when they produced the frequency that he termed, The Sensorimotor Rhythm or SMR. Sterman theorized that this was a consequence of the stilling of the central nervous system as it recruited resources to focus attention on an object of importance. Sterman found he could condition the animals to produce this frequency through feedback.

Chapter III- Basic Neuroanatomy (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions