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Preparing for clinical practice: Medical Terminology > Chapter Four: Body Structure > Flashcards

Chapter Four: Body Structure Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what are cells and what do they make up?

A

smallest structural and functional unit of life; make up tissues

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2
Q

what is tissue and what does it make up?

A

composed of similar cells that perform specialized / common functions; make up organs

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3
Q

what is an organ and what do they make up?

A

body structures that perform specialized functions; make up organ systems

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4
Q

what is an organ system and what do they make up?

A

composed of varying number of organs and organ accessory structures that have similar / related functions; make up an organism

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5
Q

what is an organism?

A

highest living level of organization and is a complete living entity of independent existence

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6
Q

what are three main structures all cells share?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

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7
Q

what are the four types of tissue that the body contains?

A

1) epithelial tissue
2) connective tissue
3) muscle tissue
4) nervous tissue

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8
Q

what is epithelial tissue?

A

covers surfaces of organs, lines cavities, forms tubes& ducts and provides the secreting portion of glands

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9
Q

what is connective tissue?

A

supports and connects other body tissues (examples: cartilage, adipose, bone, and blood)

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10
Q

what is muscle tissue?

A

provides contractile unit of tissue in the body and is responsible for movement

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11
Q

what is nervous tissue?

A

transmits electrical impulses as it relays info through the entire body

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12
Q

what is anatomical position?

A

person stands (or lays) erect, face forward and arms at the side of the body, palm and hands turned forward and feet parallel to each other.

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13
Q

anterior / ventral

A

towards the front

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14
Q

posterior / dorsal

A

towards the back

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15
Q

superior / cranial

A

towards the head or above another body part

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16
Q

inferior / caudal

A

towards the feet or body part is below another body part

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17
Q

medial

A

towards the imaginary midline of the body

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18
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body

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19
Q

proximal

A

body part is closer to the point of attachment or closer to the trunk of the body

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20
Q

distal

A

body part is father away from the point of attachment or father from trunk or torso

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21
Q

superficial / external

A

part is located near the surface

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22
Q

deep / internal

A

part is located away from the surface

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23
Q

prone

A

lying face downward

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24
Q

supine

A

lying face forward (hold the soup)

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25
Q

palmar

A

associated with the palm of the hand

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26
Q

plantar

A

associated with the sole of the foot

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27
Q

intermediate

A

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

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28
Q

what does the axial skeleton consist of?

A
  • skull
  • thorax (ribs & sternum)
  • vertebral column
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29
Q

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A
  • appendages
  • pelvic bone
  • shoulder girdle & scapula
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30
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body

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31
Q

adduction

A

movement toward the midline of the body

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32
Q

inversion

A

sole of the food turns medially (turns in)

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33
Q

eversion

A

sole of the foot turns laterally (turns out)

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34
Q

transverse / horizontal plane

A

divides the body into top and bottom sections

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35
Q

frontal / coronal plane

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

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36
Q

mid sagittal / median plane

A

runs through the center of the body dividing it into right and left halves

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37
Q

what are the two main body cavities?

A

1) dorsal (posterior) cavity

2) ventral (anterior) cavity

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38
Q

what does the dorsal (posterior) cavity contain?

A

cranial cavity and spinal cavity

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39
Q

what two cavities does the ventral (anterior) cavity contain?

A

thoracic cavity and abdominal-pelvic cavity which is further divided into abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

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40
Q

what is the parietal membrane?

A

lines the body cavity

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41
Q

what is the visceral membrane?

A

lines the organs

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42
Q

what is serous fluid?

A

yellowish / clear fluid that reduces friction

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43
Q

what are metabolic diseases?

A

diseases of the metabolism such as diabetes

44
Q

what are infectious diseases?

A

disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites; such as flu and fungal infections

45
Q

what are congenital diseases?

A

medical condition that is present at or before birth- it can be hereditary but does not have to be- such as birth defects, cystic fibrosis, down syndrome and cleft lip

46
Q

what are hereditary diseases?

A

disease or disorder that is inherited genetically, such as Huntington’s disease, down syndrome, celiac disease

47
Q

what are environmental diseases?

A

non-communicable diseases that result when people are chronically exposed to toxic environmental chemicals; such as skin cancer

48
Q

what are neoplastic diseases?

A

conditions that cause tumor growth, both benign and malignant; all cancers

49
Q

Adhesion

A

scar tissue, abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated

50
Q

Analyte

A

identifying pathogens

51
Q

Febrile

A

having or showing symptoms of fever

52
Q

Homeostasis

A

the bodies normal/constant state

53
Q

Inflammation

A

infections are inflammatory disorders and can contain pus

54
Q

Morbid

A

deathly condition or borderline of death

55
Q

Sepsis

A

toxic pathogen gets into the blood stream affecting many organ systems

56
Q

Suppurative

A

containing or producing pus

57
Q

Ablation

A

cauterization (burning), radioactivity, chemicals

58
Q

Anastomosis

A

taking a tubular structure and put it back together, surgical joining

59
Q

Cauterize

A

bove needle (electrocauterize) to cut through tissue without making patients bleed

60
Q

Curettage

A

circle cutting device used to remove skin growths

61
Q

Incision and drainage (I&D)

A

Surgical cut made to relieve pressure, remove pus / debris in abscesses

62
Q

Laser Surgery

A

procedure using an instrument that emits a high-powered beam of light used to cut, burn, vaporize, or destroy tissue

63
Q

Radical Dissection

A

surgical removal of tissue in an extensive area surrounding the surgical site in an attempt to excise all tissue that may be malignant and decrease the chance of recurrence

64
Q

Resection

A

removal of part or all of a structure, organ, or tissue

65
Q

what temperature is considered febrile?

A

100.4 F or 38 C

66
Q

Computed tomography scan (CT scan)

A

medical imaging procedure that uses computer processed combinations of many x-rays to produce cross sectional images of specific areas allowing the user to see inside an organ without cutting it - emits radiation

67
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

scanners use strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of organs in the body- no radiation

68
Q

positron emission. tomography (PET)

A

imaging technique that uses radioactive substance to visualize and measure metabolic processes in the body - emits radiation

69
Q

Single Photon Emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

nuclear medicine tomographic imaging using gamma rays. Able to provide true 3D information - emits radiation

70
Q

Doppler

A

no radiation- ultrasonography that employs the Doppler effect to generate imaging of the movement of tissues and body fluids, and their relative velocity to the probe

71
Q

fluoroscopy

A

imaging technique that uses x-rays to obtain a real time moving images of the interior of an object - emits radiation

72
Q

ultrasonography (ultrasound or sonogram)

A

medical test using high frequency sound waves to capture live images in the body. typically used during pregnancy - no radiation

73
Q

biopsy tools: needle

A

penetrating into a space

74
Q

biopsy tools: punch

A

device that is a circular blade

75
Q

biopsy tools: shave

A

razor allows us to shave off the top of something

76
Q

biopsy tools: frozen section

A

freezing off a piece of tissue

77
Q

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

A

based on MRI to view blood vessels. Generates images of arteries in order to evaluate for stenosis, occlusions, aneurysms or other abnormalities - no radiation

78
Q

echocardiogram

A

ultrasound of the heart

79
Q

cirrh/o & jaunt/o & xanth/o

A

yellow

80
Q

melan/o

A

black

81
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

82
Q

erythr/o

A

red

83
Q

poli/o

A

gray

84
Q

viscer/o

A

internal organs

85
Q

what is a diagnosis?

A

establishing the cause and nature of disease

86
Q

what is a prognosis?

A

prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome

87
Q

what is a idiopathic disease?

A

disease is one whose cause is unknown or exists without any connection with a known cause

88
Q

edema

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue spaces as a result of systemic disease or failure of the lymphatic system to drain tissue fluid from site

89
Q

gangrene

A

death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction or infection

90
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it

91
Q

mycosis

A

any fungal infection in or on the body

92
Q

perforation

A

hole that completely penetrates a structure

93
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs- usually caused by bacteria or fungi

94
Q

rupture

A

sudden breaking or bursting of an organ

95
Q

septicemia

A

severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood (aka. sepsis / blood poisoning)

96
Q

suppuration

A

process of forming pus

97
Q

what is auscultation?

A

listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds

98
Q

what is palpation?

A

gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures

99
Q

what is percussion?

A

tapping a body structure with the hand or fingers to assess the consistency and the presence or absence of fluids within the underlying structure

100
Q

endoscopy

A

visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope

101
Q

blood chemistry analysis

A

laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to determine biochemical imbalances, abnormalities and nutritional conditions

102
Q

complete blood count (CBC)

A

broad screening test used to evaluate red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to determine anemias, infections, and other diseases

103
Q

nuclear scan

A

radioactive material called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested or injected) and a gamma camera produces images of organs and structures

104
Q

biopsy

A

removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination usually to establish a diagnosis

105
Q

excisions

A

biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed

106
Q

incisional

A

biopsy in which only one small sample of the lesion is removed

107
Q

revision

A

surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery

Preparing for clinical practice: Medical Terminology (3 decks)

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