Chapter Four Flashcards
What is micro economics?
It analyzes the market behavior of individual consumers and firms, how prices are determined, and how price is determine the production, distribution, and use of goods and services.
What are the three things that microeconomics looks to answer?
How do minimum-wage laws affect the supply of labour and company profit margins?
How would a tax on softwood lumber imports affect the growth prospects in the forestry industry?
If a government place a tax on the purchase of mutual funds will consumes stop buying them?
What all macroeconomics?
Focuses on the performance of the economy as a whole. It looks at the broader picture and to the challenges facing society as a result of the limited amounts of natural resources, human effort and skills, and technology.
What questions does macroeconomics look to answer?
Why did total output shrink from last quarter? Why have the number of jobs for fallen in the last year? Will an increase in interest rates stimulate economic growth? How kind a nation improve it standard of living?
What is economics?
Understanding the choices individuals make and how the sum of these choices determines what happens in our market economy.
What are the three main groups that interact in the economy?
Consumers, firms, governments
What is market equilibrium?
This is the price that someone is willing to pay for the product with the price at which someone is willing to supply it.
What is gross domestic product?
The market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given time.
What are the two ways of measuring GDP?
The expenditure approach all of the income approach.
What is expenditure approach?
Looks at total spending on final goods and services produced in the economy.
Call what are the four components that the expenditure approach measures GDP?
Personal consumption, investment, government spending on goods and services, net exports (exports less imports) of goods and services.
What is the income approach?
Looks at the total income and by producing those goods and services.
The income approach measures GDP by totalling the income that firms pay for what?
Wages for labour, rent for the land, interest for capital goods, profits for entrepreneurs.
What is nominal GDP?
They dollar value of all goods and services produced in a given year at prices that prevailed in the same year.
What is real GDP?
Or constant dollar GDP is the dollar of value of all goods and services produced in a given year valued at prices that prevailed in some base year.
Growth in GDP results from a variety of factors what are they?
Increases in population over time, increases in the capital stock, improvements in technology.
Fluctuations in output and employment are called what?
Business cycle.
What are the five phases of the business cycle?
Expansion, peak, contraction, trough, recovery.
What is expansion categorized as?
Inflation is stable. Businesses have adjusted inventories to meet higher demand and investing in new capacity to meet increased demand to avoid shortages. Corporate profits are rising. New business start ups out number the bankruptcies and stock market activity is strong. Job creation is steady and unemployment rate is steady or falling.
What is peak characterized by?
Demand begins to outstrip the capacity of supply. Labour and product shortages cause wage increases and inflation to rise. Interest rates rise and bond prices fall dampening business investments and sales of houses and big-ticket items.
What is contraction categorized by?
Economic activity begins to decline for example real GDP decreases. Unwanted inventories, decline in profits reduced production, postpone investment, no hire and may lay off. Business Fabius outnumber startups. Falling employment erodes income. Less spending more saving.
What is trough characterized by?
Interest rates fall, triggering a bond rally. Inflation falls. Consumers spend and stock prices rally.
What is recovery characterized by?
Increased production, layoffs are over, unemployment remains high as cautious to hire and inflation may decline further.
What are economic indicators?
Statistics or data series thats used to analyze business conditions and current economic activity.