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Biomechanics Ped 351 > chapter four > Flashcards

chapter four Flashcards

1
Q

force

A

something that possesses the capability to cause a change in motion of a system

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2
Q

motion

A

change in position with respect to both spatial & temporal frames of reference

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3
Q

Newton’s first law: Law of Inertia

A

the current state of rest or motion of the system will be maintained unless and until there is interaction with an external force, no change of motion occurs without force

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4
Q

Newton’s second law: Fundamental Law of Dynamics or Law of Acceleration

A

change of motion is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied force

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5
Q

acceleration

A

a change in the state of motion of the system caused by an applied force

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6
Q

Newton’s third law: Law of Reciprocal Actions or Law of Action-Reaction

A

forces exist in pairs

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7
Q

field force

A

a force that acts at a distance without making contact with the object that it is affecting

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8
Q

strong nuclear force

A

force that occurs between subatomic particles & prevents the nucleus of an atom from exploding because protons produce a repulsive electric force

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9
Q

electromagnetic force

A

force that occurs between electric charges

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10
Q

weak nuclear force

A

force that is a product of some radioactive decay processes

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11
Q

gravitational force

A

force that exists between bodies of mass

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12
Q

contact forces

A

forces that are the result of physical contact between two bodies

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13
Q

external forces

A

forces that interact with the system from the outside

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14
Q

internal forces

A

forces that act within the defined system

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15
Q

action force

A

the initially applied force

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16
Q

reaction force

A

the simultaneous equal counterforce actin gin the opposite direction to the action force

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17
Q

friction

A

the force that resists the sliding of two objects in contact

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18
Q

normal force

A

force that acts downward on one surface & upward on another

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19
Q

ground reaction force

A

an equal & oppositely directed normal force from Earth

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20
Q

static friction

A

friction that exists when two contacting surfaces are not currently sliding relative to each other but do possess the potential for movement

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21
Q

coefficient of friction

A

an experimentally measured dimensionless value representing the proportion of friction force resisting sliding motion of the object to the normal force holding the objects together (represents difficulty of sliding over another surface because of their textures)

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22
Q

impending motion

A

the moment immediately before an object begins to slide because of the application of a force

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23
Q

kinetic friction

A

friction that exists when two surfaces are already sliding relative to each other

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24
Q

rolling friction

A

friction that exists whenever one surface is rolling over another but is not sliding across it

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25
Q

pressure

A

the magnitude of applied force acting over a given area

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26
Q

tensile strength

A

the maximum stretch that a material can withstand without rupture

27
Q

Pascal’s law

A

pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted undiminished to every point of a fluid and to the walls of the container

28
Q

stress

A

the external force acting to deform a material

29
Q

strain

A

the resulting magnitude of deformation as a result of an applied stress

30
Q

poisson’s ratio

A

an expression of the tendency of a material to exhibit transverse (lateral) strain simultaneously with axial (longitudinal) strain

31
Q

elastic modulus

A

an expression of the relationship of stress & strain for a given material and type of deformation

32
Q

tension stress

A

occurs when two forces are applied to a system in opposite directions away from each other

33
Q

compression stress

A

the result of two forces being applied to the system in opposite directions toward each other

34
Q

shear stress

A

occurs from application of two parallel forces that tend to simultaneously displace one part of a system in a direction opposite another part of the system

35
Q

bending

A

occurs when two off-axis forces are applied such that tension stress is caused on one side of the system & compression stress occurs on the other side

36
Q

torsion

A

caused by two forces being applied in such a way that part of the system is rotated around its longitudinal axis in a direction opposite of the rotation of another part of the system

37
Q

Young’s modulus

A

term for the elastic modulus specifically referring to a condition of tension stress

38
Q

elastic region

A

the linear portion of any given stress-strain curve; a material will return to its original shape if tensile stress is removed within this range

39
Q

yield point

A

the point at which an applied stress can lead to permanent deformation

40
Q

plastic region

A

the nonlinear response of the material after the yield point; some degree of deformation will persist after removal of the stress

41
Q

strength

A

the maximum stress or strain that a material can withstand without permanent deformation

42
Q

ductility

A

the force per unit area required to deform a material and is represented by the steepness (slope) of the stress-strain curve

43
Q

toughness

A

total energy required to cause material failure

44
Q

yield strength

A

stress at the yield point of a material

45
Q

ultimate strength

A

the maximal stress that a material can withstand before failing

46
Q

failure strength

A

the stress at which a material actually breaks or ruptures

47
Q

ductile

A

the quality of material that fails at low stress but can withstand a large strain; also known as pliant

48
Q

brittle

A

the quality of a material that can withstand high stress but fails with relatively low strain; also known as stiff

49
Q

coefficient of restitution

A

a parameter observed after reformation that indicates the ability of an object to return to its original shape after deformation; also known as coefficient of elasticity

50
Q

viscoelastic

A

quality of a material whose deformation is affected by both the rate of loading and the length of time that it is subjected to a constant load

51
Q

creep

A

property of experiencing increasing strain (continued deformation) under a constant stress

52
Q

stress relaxation

A

the eventual decrease in stress that will occur as fluid is no longer exuded

53
Q

buoyant force

A

the vertical, upward-directed force acting on an object that is submerged in a fluid

54
Q

Archimedes’ principle

A

a body submerged in a fluid will be buoyed up by a force that is equal in magnitude to the weight of the displaced water

55
Q

dynamic fluid force

A

the equal and oppositely directed force of the fluid particles in reaction to the applied force of the system moving through the fluid

56
Q

drag force

A

the parallel component of dynamic fluid force that acts in the opposite direction of system motion with respect to the fluid; tends to resist motion of the system through the fluid

57
Q

lift force

A

the perpendicular component of dynamic fluid force can act in any direction that is perpendicular to system motion with respect to the fluid; tends to change the direction of system motion through the fluid

58
Q

motive force

A

a force that tends to cause a change in motion in the form of increased velocity or change in direction of the system; also known as propulsive force

59
Q

resistive force

A

a force that tends to prevent changes in motion by other external forces or decrease the velocity of a system that is already in motion

60
Q

centripetal force

A

any force that causes a system to exhibit circular motion

61
Q

maximal oxygen uptake

A

maximal capability to use oxygen in metabolic processes to make ATP; expresses as VO2 max

62
Q

hoop stress

A

stress caused by compressive forces applied to intervertebral discs

63
Q

radial expansion

A

the bulging of an intervertebral disc in accordance with Poisson’s ratio

Biomechanics Ped 351 (4 decks)

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