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Drugs & Behaviour > Chapter Five - Substance Use & Abuse > Flashcards

Chapter Five - Substance Use & Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

Define:

Addiction

A
  • A common and well accepted defintion is the compulsive use of a substance despite all aadverse consequences.
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2
Q

SUD?

A
  • Substance Use Disorder.
  • Cognitive, behavioural, & physiological symptoms indicated an individual is using a substance despite negtive consequences.
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3
Q

4 Primary Categories of SUD?

A
  1. Impaired Control.
  2. Social Problems.
  3. Risky Use.
  4. Physical Dependence.
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4
Q

Stages of Severity?

A
  • goes from 0.5,1,2, and 3.
  • 3 being severe.
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5
Q

Physical Dependence

A
  • Withdrawal symptoms.
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6
Q

Drugs as Reinforcers?

A
  • A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that increases the frequency of a behaviour it is contingent upon.
  • ie. a study on rats with cocaine.
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7
Q

Systems that Control Motivation?

A
  1. Activation: various systems in the midbrain react to systemic imbalances.
  2. Guidance: various systems process the sensory information from the environment. Learning and memory circuits are essential.
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8
Q

Incentive Salience?

A
  • attribution of salient motivational value to otherwise neutral stimuli.
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9
Q

Goal Directed Behaviour?

A
  • Behaviour that occurs when an organism engages in learned behaviours in order to achieve a desire goal.
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10
Q

Liking vs. Wanting?

A
  • Liking: the pleasure part [endogenous opioids].
  • Wanting: the reward learning reinforcement [DA].
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11
Q

Reward Circuity?

A
  • The key structures = VTA, nucleus accumbems, and preforntal cortex.
  • N.A levels of DA elevate in presenve of stimuli that preduct positive outcomes [food, sex, etc].
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12
Q

Hedonic Hotspots?

A
  • Hedonic = pleasure principle.
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13
Q

Define:

Tolerance

A
  • drug adapatations require escalating drug doses to acheive desire effects.
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14
Q

Pharmacokinetic Tolerance?

A
  • Reduces the drug reaching SOA.
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15
Q

Pharmacodynamic Tolerance?

A
  • reduces responsiveness at SOA.
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16
Q

Behavioural Tolerance?

A
  • decreased behavioural responsiveness.
17
Q

Cross Tolerance?

A
  • Tolerance to other drugs in the same class.
  • Not all drugs have this.
18
Q

Define:

Sensitization

A
  • increased responsiveness to a drug’s effects.
19
Q

Define:

Dependence

A
  • withdrawal symptoms after a drug cessation.
  • physical and psychological.
20
Q

Models of Addiction?

A
  • Disease.
  • Drive Theory.
  • Opponent Process Theory.
  • Incentive Salience.
21
Q

Disease Theory?

A
  • Drug addiction fits the medical definition of disease.
  • Is bad, as it makes it appear as if there is a ‘cure’, and ignores relapse.
22
Q

Drive Theory?

A
  • Drug elicit powerful reinforcing effects that drive individuals to seek and use drugs.
  • Bad as it removes the human aspect of it, makes us appear like robots.
23
Q

Opponent Process Theory?

A
  • Individuals seek drugs to avoid or remove withdawal effects.
  • Most realistic and accurate one so far, it showcases that you feel that high and then that low.
    It does not explain the drive theory piece, and removes the humanistic aspect [you are looking at cells basically].
24
Q

Incentive Salience

A
  • Stimuli associated with drug use recieve salient incentive value, these stimuli then cmmand usere’s attention and produce motivation to seek out drug.
  • It is really just drive theory with opponent process theory along with the liking and wanting theory.
  • It shows that addiction is something that, cannot necessarily be treated, but there is a light at the end of the tunnel.
  • It is realistic and predictable in a way.
25
Q

Drug Addiction Cycle?

A
  • Intoxication = acute drug effects that produce a maladaptive and impaired state.
  • Withdrawal = repeated drug use results in physical or psychological withdrawal effects.
  • Preoccupation & Anticipation = behaviour orients from seeking natural reinforers to seeking drug reinforcers.
26
Q

What are the 2 Main Steps for Treatment?

A
  1. Detoxification / Medically Managed Withdrawal.
  2. Develop & Implement treatment plan.
27
Q

Agonist Substitution?

A
  • Providing a safer drug that has chemical makeup similar to the addictive drug.
27
Q

Antagonist Treatment?

A
  • Providing a drug that blocks the action of the addictive drug.
28
Q

Aversive Treatment?

A
  • Providing a drug that produces unpleasant effects when addictive drug is used.
28
Q

Autotoxin?

A
  • AA metabolite of opium that stayed in the body well after the drug was gone.

Drugs & Behaviour (5 decks)

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