Chapter Exam 1 Flashcards by Isabella Polichemi

How many known animal species are there?

~1,000,000

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is taxonomy?

The orderly naming and classification of organisms into groups

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is phylogeny?

The evolutionary history of a species or group of species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is systematics?

The study of biological diversity in an evolutionary context

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who was Carolus Linnaeus?

Scientist who created the two-part naming system (binomial nomenclature)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the hierarchy of biological classification? (Least to most complex)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the principle of parsimony?

The cladogram that requires the least amount of evolutionary events is most likely to be correct

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three types of evolutionary trees?

Monophyletic, Paraphyletic, and Polyphyletic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the criteria of a monophyletic tree?

Includes common ancestor, descendants of ancestor, and accepts only derived homologies.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the criteria of a paraphyletic tree?

Includes common ancestor, excludes some descendants of ancestor, and accepts only homologies.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the criteria of a polyphyletic tree?

Does not include common ancestor and accepts homologies and analogies (convergent traits.)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is convergent evolution?

When evolutionary pressures produce structures and organisms that are similar yet unrelated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an analogous trait?

similarities in structure but unrelated in species (ex. eye)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a homologous trait?

similarities in structure due to shared ancestry (ex. wings)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is genotype frequency?

percentage of individuals that possess a particular genotype

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is allele frequency?

percentage of the different alleles at each locus (“gene frequencies”)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 5 Hardy-Weinberg conditions?

1.) Large population size
2.) No mutation
3.) No natural selection
4.) No migration (gene flow)
5.) Random mating

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is natural selection?

differential success in survival and reproduction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three kinds of natural selection?

Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is directional selection?

Where an extreme phenotype is favored

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is disruptive selection?

Where extreme values are favored over intermediate values

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is stabilizing selection?

Where intermediate values are favored over extremes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are factors that affect evolution?

1.) Mutation
2.) Genetic drift
3.) Gene flow
4.) Non-random mating

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is mutation?

altered state of a gene or chromosome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is genetic drift?

Process in which allele frequencies fluctuate from one gen. to the next

What is gene flow?

exchange of genes between two populations

What is non-random mating?

sexual selection

What is the Founder Effect?

When a small sample of a larger population is generated into a new population by chance

What is Genetic Bottleneck?

When there is a sharp reduction in the size of a population

What is the biological species concept?

A species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

What is allopatric speciation?

(a.k.a geographic speciation) mode of speciation where populations become geographically isolated and interferes with gene flow

What is sympatric speciation?

evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both live in the same region

What are the two types of Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms? (RIMs)

prezygotic and postzygoticw

What is a prezygotic RIM?

prevents formation of zygote

What is a postzygotic RIM?

prevents proper functioning of zygotes after they've formed

What are the six prezygotic RIMs?

1.) Geographical 2.) Mechanical 3.) Behavioral 4.) Temporal 5.) Habitat 6.) Gametic

What is geographical isolation?

physical separation of a population

What is mechanical isolation?

physical incompatibility between reproductive organs of two organisms

What is behavioral isolation?

when species are isolated due to behavioral differences

What is temporal isolation?

When two or more species reproduce at different times

What is habitat isolation?

When population is separated into two habitats that no longer overlap

What is gametic isolation?

When egg and sperm is released, but a zygote is not formed

What are the three types of prezygotic RIMs?

1.) Hybrid inviability 2.) Hybrid sterility 3.) Hybrid breakdown

What is hybrid inviability?

Embryo forms, but dies in early development

What is hybrid sterility?

Embryo forms and develops, but offspring is sterile and cannot reproduce

What is hybrid breakdown?

When embryo forms and develops in F1 generation, but dies in F2 generation

What major geological event happened 4.5 bya?

earth forms

What major geological event happened 3.8 bya?

oldest rocks

What major evolutionary event happened 3.5 bya?

oldest archaebacterial fossils (prokaryotes)

What major evolutionary event happened 3 bya?

first photosynthetic bacteria forms (oxygen begins to accumulate)

What major evolutionary event happened 2.5 bya?

modern cyanobacteria w/ modern chlorophyll

What major geological event happened 2 bya?

red beds

What major evolutionary event happened 1.8 bya?

eukaryotic cell evolves

What major evolutionary event happened 1.8 - 0.6 bya?

rise of the eukaryotes and origin of multicellularity

What major evolutionary event happened 0.54 bya?

multicellular animals proliferate (Cambrian Explosion)

What major evolutionary event happened 0.5 bya?

land colonized by multicellular plants, animals, and fungi

What is adaptive radiation?

evolutionary change in which groups of organisms adaptions allow them to fill different niches (ecological roles)

What is radiocarbon dating?

method of determining the age of an object based on radiocarbon measurement

What is half-life?

the time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to gall to half of its original value

What are the defining features of fungi?

1.) Eukaryotic 2.) Multicellular 3.) Heterotrophic absorbers 4.) Cell walls made of chitin 5.) Threadlike structure 6.) Non-motile

What are the 5 phyla of the Fungi Kingdom?

1.) Chytridiomycota 2.) Zygomycota 3.) Glomeromycota 4.) Ascomycota 5.) Basidiomycota

What are the characteristics of Chytridiomycota? (chytrids)

1.) primitive fungi 2.) chitin cell walls 3.) zoospores have flagella

What are the characteristics of zygomycota?

1.) reproduce via zygospores 2.) aseptate hyphae

What are the characteristics of Glomeromycota?

1.) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 2.) glomus (ball)

What are the characteristics of Ascomycota?

1.) known as "sac fungi" 2.) reproduce via asci, which produce ascospores 3.) hyphae have perforated septa

What is aseptate hyphae?

when there is no septum in cell wall of fungi