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BIO 112 > Chapter Exam 1 > Flashcards

Chapter Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many known animal species are there?

A

~1,000,000

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2
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The orderly naming and classification of organisms into groups

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3
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary history of a species or group of species

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4
Q

What is systematics?

A

The study of biological diversity in an evolutionary context

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5
Q

Who was Carolus Linnaeus?

A

Scientist who created the two-part naming system (binomial nomenclature)

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6
Q

What is the hierarchy of biological classification? (Least to most complex)

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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7
Q

What is the principle of parsimony?

A

The cladogram that requires the least amount of evolutionary events is most likely to be correct

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8
Q

What are the three types of evolutionary trees?

A

Monophyletic, Paraphyletic, and Polyphyletic

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9
Q

What are the criteria of a monophyletic tree?

A

Includes common ancestor, descendants of ancestor, and accepts only derived homologies.

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10
Q

What are the criteria of a paraphyletic tree?

A

Includes common ancestor, excludes some descendants of ancestor, and accepts only homologies.

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11
Q

What are the criteria of a polyphyletic tree?

A

Does not include common ancestor and accepts homologies and analogies (convergent traits.)

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12
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

When evolutionary pressures produce structures and organisms that are similar yet unrelated

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13
Q

What is an analogous trait?

A

similarities in structure but unrelated in species (ex. eye)

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14
Q

What is a homologous trait?

A

similarities in structure due to shared ancestry (ex. wings)

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15
Q

What is genotype frequency?

A

percentage of individuals that possess a particular genotype

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16
Q

What is allele frequency?

A

percentage of the different alleles at each locus (“gene frequencies”)

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17
Q

What are the 5 Hardy-Weinberg conditions?

A

1.) Large population size
2.) No mutation
3.) No natural selection
4.) No migration (gene flow)
5.) Random mating

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18
Q

What is natural selection?

A

differential success in survival and reproduction

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19
Q

What are the three kinds of natural selection?

A

Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive

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20
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Where an extreme phenotype is favored

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21
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Where extreme values are favored over intermediate values

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22
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Where intermediate values are favored over extremes

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23
Q

What are factors that affect evolution?

A

1.) Mutation
2.) Genetic drift
3.) Gene flow
4.) Non-random mating

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24
Q

What is mutation?

A

altered state of a gene or chromosome

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25
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Process in which allele frequencies fluctuate from one gen. to the next

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26
Q

What is gene flow?

A

exchange of genes between two populations

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27
Q

What is non-random mating?

A

sexual selection

28
Q

What is the Founder Effect?

A

When a small sample of a larger population is generated into a new population by chance

29
Q

What is Genetic Bottleneck?

A

When there is a sharp reduction in the size of a population

30
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

A species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

31
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

(a.k.a geographic speciation) mode of speciation where populations become geographically isolated and interferes with gene flow

32
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both live in the same region

33
Q

What are the two types of Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms? (RIMs)

A

prezygotic and postzygoticw

34
Q

What is a prezygotic RIM?

A

prevents formation of zygote

35
Q

What is a postzygotic RIM?

A

prevents proper functioning of zygotes after they’ve formed

36
Q

What are the six prezygotic RIMs?

A

1.) Geographical
2.) Mechanical
3.) Behavioral
4.) Temporal
5.) Habitat
6.) Gametic

37
Q

What is geographical isolation?

A

physical separation of a population

38
Q

What is mechanical isolation?

A

physical incompatibility between reproductive organs of two organisms

39
Q

What is behavioral isolation?

A

when species are isolated due to behavioral differences

40
Q

What is temporal isolation?

A

When two or more species reproduce at different times

41
Q

What is habitat isolation?

A

When population is separated into two habitats that no longer overlap

42
Q

What is gametic isolation?

A

When egg and sperm is released, but a zygote is not formed

43
Q

What are the three types of prezygotic RIMs?

A

1.) Hybrid inviability
2.) Hybrid sterility
3.) Hybrid breakdown

44
Q

What is hybrid inviability?

A

Embryo forms, but dies in early development

45
Q

What is hybrid sterility?

A

Embryo forms and develops, but offspring is sterile and cannot reproduce

46
Q

What is hybrid breakdown?

A

When embryo forms and develops in F1 generation, but dies in F2 generation

47
Q

What major geological event happened 4.5 bya?

A

earth forms

48
Q

What major geological event happened 3.8 bya?

A

oldest rocks

49
Q

What major evolutionary event happened 3.5 bya?

A

oldest archaebacterial fossils (prokaryotes)

50
Q

What major evolutionary event happened 3 bya?

A

first photosynthetic bacteria forms (oxygen begins to accumulate)

51
Q

What major evolutionary event happened 2.5 bya?

A

modern cyanobacteria w/ modern chlorophyll

52
Q

What major geological event happened 2 bya?

A

red beds

53
Q

What major evolutionary event happened 1.8 bya?

A

eukaryotic cell evolves

54
Q

What major evolutionary event happened 1.8 - 0.6 bya?

A

rise of the eukaryotes and origin of multicellularity

55
Q

What major evolutionary event happened 0.54 bya?

A

multicellular animals proliferate (Cambrian Explosion)

56
Q

What major evolutionary event happened 0.5 bya?

A

land colonized by multicellular plants, animals, and fungi

57
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

evolutionary change in which groups of organisms adaptions allow them to fill different niches (ecological roles)

58
Q

What is radiocarbon dating?

A

method of determining the age of an object based on radiocarbon measurement

59
Q

What is half-life?

A

the time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to gall to half of its original value

60
Q

What are the defining features of fungi?

A

1.) Eukaryotic
2.) Multicellular
3.) Heterotrophic absorbers
4.) Cell walls made of chitin
5.) Threadlike structure
6.) Non-motile

61
Q

What are the 5 phyla of the Fungi Kingdom?

A

1.) Chytridiomycota
2.) Zygomycota
3.) Glomeromycota
4.) Ascomycota
5.) Basidiomycota

62
Q

What are the characteristics of Chytridiomycota? (chytrids)

A

1.) primitive fungi
2.) chitin cell walls
3.) zoospores have flagella

63
Q

What are the characteristics of zygomycota?

A

1.) reproduce via zygospores
2.) aseptate hyphae

64
Q

What are the characteristics of Glomeromycota?

A

1.) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
2.) glomus (ball)

65
Q

What are the characteristics of Ascomycota?

A

1.) known as “sac fungi”
2.) reproduce via asci, which produce ascospores
3.) hyphae have perforated septa

66
Q

What is aseptate hyphae?

A

when there is no septum in cell wall of fungi

BIO 112 (1 decks)

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