Chapter Definitions. Flashcards
Formulation
The process of pulling together ones thoughts or ideas before sharing them. What is the thought or feeling I want to share?
Transmission
Communicating that thought or idea by means of speech, signing, or writing
Reception
Receiving the info from another person
Comprehension
Process of making sense of that information.
Modality
The manner in which information is transmitted and received.
Feedback
Information provided by the sender to the receiver.
Linguistic Feedback
Speech saying such as “I totally agree”, “I hear what you are saying”, and “wait, I don’t get it”. It can also be things like mmhmm and uh-oh
Nonlinguistic feedback or extralinguistic feedback
Includes the use of eye contact, facial expression, posture, and proximity. May supplement linguistic feedback or may stand alone.
Paralinguistic feedback
The used of pitch, loudness, and pausing.
Instrumental
Used to ask for something.
May I have more shrimp please?
Regulatory
Used to give directions to others.
You need to take a left at Chapman.
Interactional
Used to interact and converse with others.
What did you think of the game yesterday?
Person
Used to express a state of mind
“I’m so mad right now!”
Heuristic
Used to find out info and enquire
Ex) do you know when this damn was built?
Imaginative
Used to tell stories
If I had a million dollars
Informative
Used to provide an organized description of an event or object
What happened was we got to the game and it begins to rain!
Principle of quantity
When we communicate, we need to give just the right amount/type of information. We need to use clear vocab and not be redundant.
Principle of quality
When we communicate, we need to be truthful/accurate
Principle of relevance
We are asked to maintain the topic at hand and make contributions that relate to that topic.
Principle of manner.
We are to talk at the right place, taking pauses as needed but not longer than called for. We are to use appropriate loudness/pitch and engage in eye contact.
Formulation
Involved language. Puts thoughts and idea into words to share with others.
Transmission
Involves speech. Fluently expresses thoughts/ideas to other.
Reception
Involved hearing. Receives communication sent by another person.
Comprehension
Involves language. Interprits communication sent by another person.
Soeech
Neuromuscular process by turning language to a sound signal that’s transmitted through the air to the receiver.
Language
Cognitive process by which we form ideas/thoughts.
Communication disorder
When a person experiences an impairment in their ability to communicate.
Aphasia
Occurs when there is damage to the speech and language areas of the brain and can often results in the inability to produce or understand speech.
.loss of language skills following a brain injury.
Dysarthia
Imprecise speech due to nervous system dysfunction.
How many people have a communication disorder?
1 out of 6.
What percentage of people stutter?
5%
How many people does hearing loss effect in elderly people?
1/2
What is communication?
Process by which 2 or more people share information including facts, thoughts, ideas, and feelings
3 basic reasons people share information.
To request, to reject, and to comment!
What are the 3 components of the Model of communication
1) a sender to formulate/transmit a message
2) A receiver to receive and comprehend the message
3) A shared means of communicating
4) feedback is provided from receiver to sender.
Communication breakdown
When the sender doesn’t provide info and the receiver isn’t understanding the message.
Purpose of communication?
Is to provide and solicit info.
We communicate to provide feelings and get information from others.
What are the 3 ingredients in spoken communication?
Language, speech, and hearing.
What is language?
A socially shared code that uses a conventional system of arbitrary symbols, including words and sounds, to represent ideas about the world to other.
What cognitive processes does language allow our brain to store?
Reasoning, hypothesising, and planning
Productivity
The combination of smaller number if discrete units into infinite novel creations.
Rate of Acquisition
Key component in child development. Most kids language is complete by 5 years old. First 5 years are critical for development.
Content
Vocabulary and semantics.
Refers to the meaning of language, the words we use, and the meaning behind them.
It’s displayed through out lexicon as we choose words to express our ideas and thoughts.
Form
Syntax, phonology, morphology
Is how words, sentences, and sounds are organized and arranged to convey content.
Use
Social skills and pragmatics.
How language is used functionally to meet personal/social needs.
What’s it semantix and what is it under?
Semantix refers to rules of.language governed by the meaning of individual words and word combos. It’s about the meaning of words. It falls content
What is syntax and what does it fall under?
Syntax refers to the rules of language governing the internal organization of sentences. Word order. It’s under Form.
What is morphology and what does it fall under?
Morphology is rules of language governing the internal organization of words. Words can be morphed or changed. It’s under Form.
What is phonology and what does it fall under?
What is a phoneme?
Phonology refers to the sounds we use to make syllables words. It’s under Form.
What are phonemes: smallest until of sounds
What is pragmatics and what does it fall under?
What are the 3 main aspects of social use of language?
Pragmatics is how language is used for social purpose. It has 3 main important aspects of social use of language.
1) using language for different purposes. (Comm functions).
2) organizing language for discourse (conversation)
3) knowing what to say, when, and how to say it (social convention).
Pragmatics rules govern all.linguistics.
Speech
A neuromuscular process that allows humans to express language as a vocal product.
Speech involves precise activation of muscles in what 3 systems?
What does each system do?
Respiratiom, phonation, and articulation
Breathe of fresh air that begins in the lungs (resp)
Air travels up through the trachea, over vocal chords, and into nasal and oral cavities. (Phonation)
And then can be manipulated by articulators (articulation).
Metalinguistic Awareness
Making language the object of attention or language of scrutiny.
Ex) what is the cat doing?
The cat is the object of scrutiny.
Decontextualization
Out of context, our cognitive abilities allow us to think.
Building blocks of effective speech and what they do?
Breathstream: speech brings with exhalation of breathe.
Voice: speech requires a strong voice. Vocal quality can effect speech. Loud/soft describes vocal loudness where high/low describes vocal pitch.
Articulation: speech requires precision in phoneme production. Phonemes must be produced actively/constantly.
Fluency: is when speech is produced effortlessly with few hesitations or interjections.
Circumlocution
Talking around a word by describing it’s features
Hearing
The perception of sound. .
Audition
involved the perception of speech
What is acoustics the study of?
The study of sound
What are the processes of sound and what do each of them do?
1) Creation of sound by source. A sound source creates a disturbance/set of vibrations in the surrounding ear particles.
2) vibrations of air particles. Sound is a rapid. Movement/vibration of air particles which create sound waves. The air particles move back and forth through the air.
3) Reception by inner ear: Ear is designed to channel information carried by the air particle vibrations into the human body.
4( Comprehension by brain: The auditory centers in the brain, located in the left hemisphere, translate frequency and intensity info sent through the ear and along the auditory nerve.
Sound frequency and intensity
How fast the particles move back and forth correspond with the perception of pitch.
How fast the particles move back and forth.
Co articulation
When phonemes overlap and smear onto one and other.
Language Disorder
A breakdown in linguistics system that has an impact on one or more of the following domains: syntax, symantics, morphology, phonology, or pragmatics.
