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GCSE Biology > Chapter B5- Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Chapter B5- Communicable Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is your health?

A

A state of physical and mental well-being, not just an absence of disease

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2
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be passed from one organism to another

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3
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Microorganisms that cause disease

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4
Q

What is a non communicable disease?

A

A disease that can not be transmitted from one organism to another

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5
Q

Give an example of a communicable disease

A

Tuberculosis

Flu

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6
Q

Give an example of a non communicable disease

A

Heart disease

Arthritis

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7
Q

What factors can affect your health?

A

Diet
Stress
Life situations (gender, class, ethnicity, level of healthcare provided, local sewage/rubbish disposal)

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8
Q

What are communicable diseases known as?

A

Infectious diseases

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9
Q

Give examples of pathogens?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Protists
Fungi

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10
Q

What does harmful bacteria in your body do?

A

Bacteria divides rapidly by splitting in two. They may produce toxins that affect your body, and can damage your cells

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11
Q

What do viruses do?

A

Take control of the cell, live and reproduce inside of the cell, killing them

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12
Q

How do pathogens spread?

A

By air- coughing, sneezing, talking
Other people will breath in these droplets and pick up the infection

Direct contact- contact of healthy organism and infected one

By water- pathogen enters body through your digestive system

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13
Q

What do toxins do?

A

Damage tissues and make us feel ill

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14
Q

How can you reduce the spread of pathogens?

A

Basic hygiene- washing hands
Clean drinking water

Stopping from direct contact- using condoms curing sex and not sharing needles

Quarantine- cases such as Ebola, keeping the infected person away

Destroying or controlling vectors- killing mosquitos

Vaccinations- introduce a small part of a harmless form of a disease so that a persons immune system can learn to fight it off

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15
Q

How do you grow microorganisms?

A

Give them a culture medium- a liquid or gel containing nutrients
Warmth and oxygen are also needed.
Ensure you are avoiding unnecessary contamination
Be safe, in case of mutations that may be caused

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16
Q

What is the maximum temperature one schools that you can culture microorganisms?

A

25 degrees

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17
Q

What effect does temperature have when growing pathogens?

A

Too low a temperature- the likelihood of growing pathogens that might be harmful to people is less
Higher temperature- high risk of growing dangerous pathogens

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18
Q

How can you prevent bacterial growth?

A

Raise or lower temperature

Chemicals can be used to stop or kill them

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19
Q

What is a disinfectant?

A

Chemicals used to kill bacteria in the environment around us

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20
Q

What is an antiseptic?

A

A disinfectant that is safe to use on human skin

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21
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

An antibiotic is a chemical that can be used inside our body, which kills bacteria or prevents them from growing

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22
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis notice?

A

That many women were dying in childbirth due to an unknown reason. He realised that his medical students would go from dissecting a dead body to birthing children. He also noticed that a doctor died from similar symptoms as the women birthing children, when he got a cut on his hand whilst aiding a childbirth. He concluded that there was an infectious agent, and demanded his students washed their hands before delivering babies. Immediately there were fewer deaths.

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23
Q

What other discoveries were there in the mid-late 19th century?

A

Louis Pasteur showed that microorganisms caused disease. He developed vaccine against diseases such an anthrax

Joseph Lister started to use antiseptics on pathogens in operating theatres to destroy harmful pathogens

Microscopes improves so that pathogens could be seen more clearly- helped convince people they existed

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24
Q

Give examples of a viral disease

A

Measles- spread by inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes

HIV/AIDS- spread through sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids

Tobacco mosaic virus- spread by direct contact, or by vectors

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25
Q

What are symptoms of measles?

A

Fever and a red skin rash

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26
Q

What can prevent the development of aids?

A

Antiretroviral drugs

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27
Q

Why is measles now rare in the uk?

A

Due to vaccinations and infected people being isolated

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28
Q

Why is untreated HIV usually fatal?

A

It develops into AIDS, and attacks your immune system, so even a common cold can kill you

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29
Q

Can viruses be killed by antibiotics?

A

No

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30
Q

What damage does measles cause?

A

Problems with the breathing system and the brain

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31
Q

What is the first symptom of HIV?

A

A flu like illness

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32
Q

Where can salmonella be found?

A

Raw eggs
Raw meat
Raw poultry

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33
Q

What happens if salmonella gets into our bodies?

A

Disrupt the balance of natural bacteria and cause salmonella food poisoning

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34
Q

What the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever
Abdominal cramps
Vomiting
Diarrhoea

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35
Q

Who is salmonella most dangerous to?

A

Young children or the elderly

36
Q

How can you prevent salmonella?

A

In the uk, poultry is vaccinated against salmonella
Keep raw chicken away from food that is eaten uncooked
Avoid washing raw chicken
Wash hands and surfaces after handling raw chicken
Cook chicken thoroughly

37
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread?

A

Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person

38
Q

What are the early symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis, and pain on urination

39
Q

Can gonorrhoea be treated with antibiotics?

A

Yes

40
Q

How can you reduce the spread of gonorrhoea?

A

Sex using a barrier such as a condom

Reducing the number of sexual partners

41
Q

Can bacteria be killed using antibiotics?

A

Yes

42
Q

Give an example of a fungal disease that can affect humans

A

Athletes foot

43
Q

What can humans use against fungi infections?

A

Anti fungal drugs

44
Q

What is rose black spot?

A

A fungal disease on rose leaves

45
Q

What does rose black spot do?

A

Causes purple or black spots to develop on leaves- this is bad for commercial flower growers.
Eventually the leaves turn yellow and drop early. This reduces the area of leaves available for photosynthesis- as a result the plant does not flower well.

46
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

Spread in the environment, as the fungus is carried by the wind. Then spread as drips of water splash from one leaf to another

47
Q

How can gardeners treat/ prevent rose black spot?

A

Chemical fungicides help to treat the disease and stop it from spreading
Burning or removing infected areas
Horticulturalists have bred roses that are relatively resistant

48
Q

Is rose black spot curable?

A

No

49
Q

Give an example of a protist disease

A

Malaria

50
Q

What is malaria?

A

A disease caused by protist pathogens that are parasites- they live and feed on other organisms

51
Q

How is malaria spread? You

A

The protists sexually reproduce in the mosquito, and when the mosquito bites humans to such their blood, the protists spread to the humans, where they can then asexually reproduce by travelling around the circulatory system

52
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Fever and shaking
Potential death
Weakens the person over time

53
Q

Can malaria be treated?

A

If recognised quickly, a variety of drugs can treat it

54
Q

How can we stop the spread of malaria?

A

Using insecticides to kill mosquitos in homes and offices

Preventing the vectors from breeding by spraying water with insecticides to kill the larvae

Travellers can take antimalarial drugs that kill the parasites in the blood of they are bitten

Using mosquito nets to prevent being bitten

55
Q

What are adaptations of your skin to defend the body from disease?

A

The skin covers your body and acts as a barrier. It’s prevents the bacteria and viruses from reaching the tissues beneath.

Your skin is covered in dead skin cells which are hard to penetrate

Your skin produces anti microbial secretions called sebum that destroy pathogenic bacteria

Healthy skin is covered by microorganisms that help keep you healthy and act as an extra barrier to the energy of pathogens

56
Q

How does your nose defend against disease?

A

Your nose is full of hairs and mucus, which trap particles in the air that may contain pathogens or that may irritate your lungs.

57
Q

How do your trachea and bronchi defend against disease?

A

Secrete mucus that traps pathogens in the air

Covered in cilia- wafts the mucus up to the back of the throat where it is swallowed

58
Q

How does the stomach defend against disease?

A

Produces acid that destroys the microorganisms in the mucus you swallow and the majority of pathogens you take in through your mouth via food and drink

59
Q

How does he immune system protect you from pathogens?

A

White blood cells- will ingest pathogens, destroying them so they cannot make you ill

Release antibodies- target particular bacteria or viruses and destroy them. Once your body has created antibodies once, it can make them again very quickly if you come back in contact with the disease- stopping you from getting the disease twice

Producing antitoxins- counteract the toxins released by the pathogens

60
Q

Why is your mucus green when your ill?

A

As some white blood cells contain a green coloured enzyme. These destroy cold viruses and any bacteria trapped in the mucus of your nose.
Then the dead white blood cells, along with the harmful pathogens, are removed in the mucus, making it look green

61
Q

What is the non specific defence system?

A

First line of defence against pathogens- includes the skin, the nose, the trachea, the broncos and the stomach

62
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The process where white blood cells ingest pathogens, and kill them using enzymes

63
Q

What are antibodies made up of?

A

Protein molecules

64
Q

How can we kill aphids?

A

Chemical pesticides
Growing in enclosed spaces
Releasing aphid eating insects such as ladybirds

65
Q

Give examples of non communicable plant diseases

A

Mineral deficiencies in yeh soil can result in plants not growing

Magnesium deficiency
Nitrate deficiency

66
Q

What happens if a plant doesn’t have enough nitrate?

A

Protein growth is limited as nitrate is needed to turn the sugars made in photosynthesis into proteins. This can result in the growth of plants being stunted, and they will not produce a crop properly

67
Q

What happens if a plant doesn’t have enough magnesium ions?

A

Magnesium is required to make the chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis. If yeh magnesium level is low, the leaves will become yellow and growth slows down due to the plant being unable to photosynthesise properly. This is known as chlorosis

68
Q

What are plant defence responses?

A

Physical barriers- the cell walls, the waxy cuticles, the bark on trees, the leaf fall
Chemical barriers- produce antibacterial chemicals that kill pathogens
Defence against herbivores- poisons, thorns, hairy stems, dropping/curling, mimicry

69
Q

How do cells walls protect the plant?

A

Strengthen the plant to help resist invasion by microorganisms

70
Q

How does yeh waxy cuticle protect the plant?

A

Acts as a barrier to the entry of pathogens

71
Q

How does bark on trees protect the plant?

A

A protective layer that is hard to breach

When the dead cells fall off, so does yeh pathogens on them

72
Q

How does leaf fall protect the plant?

A

Some trees love their leaves in autumn- this causes pathogens that have infected the leaves to fall off the tree when the leaves are lost

73
Q

Can plant chemical barriers aid humans?

A

Mint and hazel are often used as mild antiseptics in cosmetics and over the counter medicines. Doctors are also looking into plants having potentially antibiotic properties, with example being pines, cypress and euphorbias

74
Q

How do poisons protect a plant?

A

Prevent the animal from eating the plant as it makes them feel unwell

75
Q

How do thorns protect the plant?

A

Thorns make it unpleasant or painful for large herbivores to eat them

76
Q

How do hairy stems protect the plant?

A

Deter insects and large animals from laying eggs on them or eating them

77
Q

How does dropping or curling protect the plant?

A

The leaves will collapse suddenly, dislodging insects and frightening larger animals

78
Q

How does mimicry protect the plant?

A

Some plants droops to mimic unhealthy plants, which tricks animals into not eating them. Some also mimic butterfly eggs, so real butterflies do not lay eggs on them in order to avoid competition.

79
Q

What is smaller- viruses or bacteria?

A

Viruses

80
Q

What is a genetic disease?

A

A disease caused by abnormality in the genes

81
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

A disease that is prevalent over one country or area

82
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

A wide spread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time that

83
Q

What is crown hall disease?

A

Causes a mass of unspecialised cells to grow at the joint between the stem and the shoot. This is a pathogenic disease

84
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

Causes a distinctive mosaic pattern of discolouration on the leaves- affects the growth of the plant as the lament cannot photosynthesise as well. This is a pathogenic disease

85
Q

Are aphids pathogenic?

A

Yes

86
Q

How does iron deficiency affect a plant?

A

Iron is needed to produce chlorophyll, so deficiency causes yellowing leaves, which limit the plants ability to photosynthesise.

GCSE Biology (10 decks)

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