Chapter B1 Cell structure and transport🌿🤷 Flashcards
Microscopes, animal and plant cells, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, specialisation in animal and plant cells, diffusion, osmosis🌿🤷
How do you work out the magnification of something?🌿🤷
You do:
Image size ÷ actual size✔️
What would 2cm be in micrometres?🌿🤷
20000 micrometres✔️
How do you work out the actual size of something? 🌿🤷
You do:
Image size ÷ magnification ✔️
How do you work out the image size of something?🌿🤷
You do:
Actual size × magnification✔️
There is and image with a size of 2cm and the magnification is ×100 what is the actual size?🌿🤷
(equation )* 20000 ÷ 100
So the answer is 200 micrometres ✔️
What controls what goes in and out of a cell?🌿🤷
The cell membrane ✔️
What does the cell membrane do?🌿🤷
Controls what goes in and out of the cell✔️
What carries out a reaction that releases energy from food (glucose)?🌿🤷
Mitochondria ✔️
What contains the cells DNA and genes?🌿🤷
Nucleus ✔️
What does mitochondria do?🌿🤷
Carry out a reaction that releases energy from food✔️
What does cytoplasm do?🌿🤷
Jelly like fluid where chemical reactions take place✔️
What does the nucleus do?🌿🤷
Is the brain of the cell and contains the genes and DNA ✔️
Where do chemical reactions take place?🌿🤷
Cytoplasm✔️
What are 5 things found in an animal cell?🌿🤷
Cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm and ribosomes✔️
What 3 things are found in a plant cell but not in an animal cell?🌿🤷
Cell wall, vacuole and chloroplast✔️
What does chloroplast do?🌿🤷
It is where photosynthesis takes place✔️
What protects and supports the cell?🌿🤷
The cell wall✔️
What is a fluid filled with cavity that stores what and nutrients?🌿🤷
Vacuole✔️
Where does photosynthesis take place in the cell?🌿🤷
Chloroplast✔️
What does the cell wall do?🌿🤷
Protect and support the cell and helps the cell keep its structure✔️
What is a vacuole?
A fluid filled cavity that stores nutrients and water✔️
What is a cell?🌿🤷
A cell is a basic structural and functional unit of all organisms✔️
What are ribosomes?🌿🤷
They carry out protein synthesis ✔️
What is a prokaryotic cell?🌿🤷
A singled celled cell (unicellular) usually with no nucleus= free floating DNA, small and simple (bacteria and archea are prokaryotes)✔️
What is a eukaryotic cell?🌿🤷
A complex cell with DNA enclosed in a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles (eg. mitochondria + chloroplast) and can be uni or multicellular (animal, plant cells, fungi and protists are eukaryotes)✔️
What are the adaptations of a sperm cell?🌿🤷
They have enzymes in their head to help it break through the egg, nucleus in head holding genetic information to fertilise, mitochondria in midpiece to release energy for tail and a long so they can swim to the egg✔️
What are the adaptations of the egg cell?🌿🤷
Much larger than other cells so is a bigger target for the sperm and contains yolk that acts as a food source for developing embryo when fertilised.✔️
What are the adaptations of a palisade cell?🌿🤷
Tall and large surface area. Packed with chloroplast so can photosynthesis as much as possible✔️
What are the adaptations of a ciliated cell?🌿🤷
Lots of tiny hairs and surface area to catch dust and sweep muchas back up the throat to be swallowed✔️
What are adaptations of a root hair cell?🌿🤷
Large surface area to absorb lots of soil and a thin cell wall to allow water to pass through easily. Does not contain chloroplasts as it’s underground so doesn’t need to photosynthesis ✔️
What are the adaptations of a red blood cell?🌿🤷
Large surface area, contains haemoglobin (iron) which binds to oxygen, large surface area, fairly flexible and has no nucleus so there is more space for oxygen✔️
What are the adaptations of a nerve cell?🌿🤷
Extremely elongated cells with branches at both ends to connect with other nerve cells. The long axis (main branch) is covered in fat to prevent the electrical impulses affect the rest of your body. End contains lots of mitochondria to release energy to pass impule to next cell✔️
What are organelles?🌿🤷
Parts of a cell✔️
How do cells get important particles in and out of them?🌿🤷
Diffusion ✔️
What makes diffusion useful in cells?🌿🤷
It doesn’t use any energy✔️
What does it mean when a cell membrane only lets through certain particles?🌿🤷
It is a selectively-permeable membrane✔️
Why are selectively-permeable membranes not always good?🌿🤷
They are only good for small particles like oxygen and carbon dioxide ✔️
What affects the rate/speed diffusion?🌿🤷
Temperature, size of particles, state of matter, surface area and if it has a cell wall✔️
What is diffusion?🌿🤷
Where particles move (net movement) from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration✔️
What factors would a cell have to have really quick diffusion?🌿🤷
Very thin cell membrane, large surface area and heat✔️
What is osmosis?🌿🤷
The diffusion of water molecules from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration✔️
What does Hypertonic mean?🌿🤷
More water in the cell
Less water in the surroundings
So the cell shrivells✔️
What does Isotonic mean?🌿🤷
Equal amounts of water in cells and surroundings
So the cell is normal✔️
What does Hypotonic mean?🌿🤷
Less water in the cell
More water in the surroundings
So the cell swells✔️
Where is a chromosome found and how?🌿🤷
Found in the nucleus in pairs and contains wound up DNA✔️
What does DNA do?🌿🤷
Holds the genetic information for an organism, found in chromosomes✔️
What is a gene?🌿🤷
A section of DNA that codes for a characteristic ✔️
What is the concentration gradient?🌿🤷
The difference in concentration ✔️
What is a prokaryote?🌿🤷
An organism made up of prokaryotic cells for example bacteria✔️
What is a eukaryote?🌿🤷
An organism made up of eukaryotic cells ✔️
What are some similarities between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?🌿🤷
They both have •dna~ carry genetic information •ribosmomes~organelle that does protein synthesis •cytoplasm •cell membrane
What are some of the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?🌿🤷
- eukaryotic cells are more complex, tend to be larger
- prokaryotic cells have no nucleus while eukaryotic cells do
- prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles while eukaryotic cells do
What is a membrane-bound organelle?🌿🤷
an organelle that has its own membrane eg. nucleus, mitochondria
What are the advantages of using electron microscopes?🌿🤷
They have a much higher range of magnification (can look in closer) and have a higher resolution (can provide clearer images)
What is the formula/triangle for calculating magnification of an imagine?🌿🤷
I
———
A × M
Image size
——————
Actual size × Magnification ✅
How does a light microscope work?🌿🤷
Uses light and a series of mirrors to magnify a biological specimen ✅
What are the microscopes we use at school called?🌿🤷
Compound microscopes ✅
How do you calculate the magnification of a microscope?🌿🤷
Magnification of eyepiece × magnification of objective lens ✅
What is one millimetre in micrometres?🌿🤷
1000✅
What is one millimetre in nanometres?🌿🤷
1,000,000✅
What is the micrometre symbol?🌿🤷
μm ✅
What is the nanometre symbol?🌿🤷
nm ✅
What are the 8 steps to using a light microscope?🌿🤷
1) Rotate
2) Focus
3) Place
4) Focus
5) Record
6) Rotate
7) Re-focus
8) Re-record ✅
when were light microscopes first invented?🌿🤷
mid-17th century
light microscopes use……. to form an image?🌿🤷
a beam of light
light microscopes can magnify around…….🌿🤷
2000 times
what are 2 advantages of light microscopes?🌿🤷
- > are relatively cheap
- > can be used almost everywhere
when were electron microscopes first invented?🌿🤷
1930s
electron microscopes use …….. to form an image?🌿🤷
a beam of electrons
electron microscopes can magnify up to………🌿🤷
2,000,000times
what are three disadvantages of electron microscopes?🌿🤷
- > are very expensive
- > are very large
- > must be kept in a special temperature + pressure + humidity room
what is resolution?🌿🤷
the minimum distance at which you see two points as two points rather than merged into one
what is resolving power? 🌿🤷
the minimum distance at which you see two points as two points rather than merged into one
a light microscope has a resolving power of about…….🌿🤷
200nm
a electron microscope has a resolving power of about……..🌿🤷
10nm
what is the total magnification when the eyepiece lens is x10 and the objective lens is x4?🌿🤷
x40
what are the similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?🌿🤷
they have:
- dna
- ribosomes
- cytoplasm
- cell membrane
- some have cell walls
what are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?🌿🤷
eukaryotic cells are.... - larger -more complex - have a nucleus - membrane-bound organelles eg. mitochondria - can be multicellular (prokaryotic cells are the opposite)
what three things can be part of a prokaryotic cell but not a eukaryotic cell?🌿🤷
- plasmids
- slime capsule
- flagella
what are the adaption of a muscle cell?🌿🤷
- they have more mitochondria to release lots of energy
- store glycogen which is used by mitochondria to release energy
- contain special proteins which can contract
- thin cell membranes= release energy quickly
how many nanometres are in a micrometre?🌿🤷
1000
1m = Xmm 1mm = Yμm 1μm = Znm ?????🌿🤷
X= 1000 Y= 1000 Z= 1000
how many micrometres are there in a metre?🌿🤷
1,000,000
what does order of magnitude mean?🌿🤷
A number, to the base ten, often used to make comparisons. For each order of magnitude a number is ten times the previous one.
