Chapter 95- Antimycobacterial Agent Flashcards
What is the pathogen that causes tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
How is tuberculosis primarily spread?
Inhalation of aerosolized infected sputum
What is defined as latent infection in tuberculosis?
Most never develop clinical or radiologic evidence with primary infection; patient is not infectious
What happens when the immune system fails to control primary tuberculosis infection?
Clinical disease develops (active TB) with necrosis and cavitation of lung tissue
What percentage of untreated patients will develop active tuberculosis?
5-10%
What are the treatment goals for tuberculosis?
- Eliminate infection
- Prevent relapse
- Prevent development of drug-resistant organism
How long does it typically take for a patient to be non-contagious after starting tuberculosis treatment?
2 weeks
What is the initial drug therapy for drug-sensitive tuberculosis?
- Isoniazid (INH)
- Rifampin
- Pyrazinamide
- Ethambutol
What is the duration of the continuation phase of treatment for active tuberculosis?
18 weeks
What is the treatment for INH resistant tuberculosis?
- Rifampin
- Ethambutol
- Pyrazinamide
- Duration: 6 months
What is the duration of treatment for Rifampin resistant tuberculosis?
18-24 months
What are some strategies to promote patient compliance in tuberculosis treatment?
Observe administration of medication
What are the first-line drugs for treating latent tuberculosis in children?
INH and Rifampin
Which tuberculosis drug is considered safe for pregnant women?
Rifabutin (risk category B)
What should be adjusted in older adults undergoing tuberculosis treatment?
Renal and liver dysfunction
What are secondary line drugs for active tuberculosis treatment?
- Levofloxacin/moxifloxacin
- Capreomycin
- Amikacin
- Streptomycin
- Para-aminosalicyclic acid (PAS)
- Bedaquiline
What is the relationship between tuberculosis and HIV?
≤ 20% of HIV patients develop active tuberculosis
What is the duration of treatment for latent tuberculosis with Isoniazid?
9 months
What is a significant risk associated with Isoniazid (INH)?
Peripheral neuropathy
What are the adverse effects of Rifampin?
- Hepatotoxicity
- Discoloration of body fluids (red-orange color)
What is the metabolism route for Pyrazinamide?
Hepatic metabolism
What is the main adverse effect of Ethambutol?
Optic neuritis
What are the two components of Mycobacterium Avium Complex?
- M. avium
- M. intracellulare
What is a common treatment for Mycobacterium Avium Complex?
- Azithromycin or Clarithromycin
- Ethambutol
- Rifampin or Rifabutin
